Is the upper arc or lower arc of lordosis more important in avoiding mechanical complications after adult spinal deformity surgery?

Abstract

Objective: Appropriate distribution of the upper and lower arcs of lordosis after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery is important in achieving a harmonious spinal shape. In a cohort of patients undergoing ASD surgery, the authors aimed to determine the impact of the preoperative and postoperative upper and lower arcs of lordosis on any mechanical complication, proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and proximal junctional failure (PJF), and reoperation for mechanical complications.

Methods: A single-institution retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent ASD surgery from 2009 to 2021 was performed. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 5-level fusion, sagittal/coronal deformity, and 2-year follow-up data. The primary exposure variables were the preoperative and postoperative upper and lower lordosis arc angles, as described by Roussouly. Postoperative outcomes included mechanical complications and reoperations, and a separate analysis was performed for PJK/PJF. A bivariate analysis was performed, as well as a multivariable logistic regression analysis controlling for age, sex, BMI, preoperative type of malalignment, interbody fusion type, and osteoporosis.

Results: Among the 184 patients (140 females, mean age ± SD 68.6 ± 11.3 years) undergoing ASD surgery who were included, the mean number of instrumented levels was 10.6 ± 3.1. While the upper lordosis arc increased from before to after surgery (11.4° ± 8.8° to 18.5° ± 13.7°, p < 0.001), the lower lordosis arc did not significantly increase (26.0° ± 14.3° to 28.0° ± 14.5°, p = 0.285). Preoperatively, a smaller upper lordosis arc (8.9° ± 8.6° vs 12.1° ± 8.8°, p = 0.046), lower lordosis arc (22.0° ± 12.2° vs 27.1° ± 14.6°, p = 0.049), and total lordosis angle (30.9° ± 14.9° vs 39.1° ± 17.3°, p = 0.008) were found in patients who had PJK/PJF that required reoperation compared with those who did not undergo reoperation for PJK/PJF. A smaller preoperative lower lordosis arc was found in patients with pseudarthrosis (21.7° ± 12.4° vs 27.9° ± 14.6°, p = 0.006) and reoperation due to mechanical complications (22.7° ± 12.3° vs 27.9° ± 15.0°, p = 0.018) compared to those without. Postoperatively, a smaller postoperative lower lordosis arc was found in patients with mechanical complications requiring reoperation (24.5° ± 16.8° vs 30.0° ± 12.8°, p = 0.014) and pseudarthrosis (23.9° ± 17.4° vs 29.8° ± 12.6°, p = 0.011). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, a smaller preoperative lower lordosis arc was associated with total mechanical complications (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-0.99; p = 0.006), PJK/PJF requiring reoperation (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-1.00; p = 0.021), and mechanical complication requiring reoperation (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99; p = 0.006). Postoperatively, a smaller lower lordosis arc was associated with mechanical complications requiring reoperations (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-0.99; p = 0.014).

Conclusions: A smaller preoperative and postoperative lower lordosis arc increased the odds of several mechanical complications and reoperation. No such relationship was found with the upper arc. Efforts should be made to increase the lower arc of lordosis to avoid false Roussouly types, mechanical complications, and reoperation.