Age-Related Differences in Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors Linked to Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between age, degree of overweight and obesity, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in women with excess body weight. The study also examined age-related differences in anthropometric parameters, body composition, and lifestyle factors. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Poland to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and MetS in women with overweight and obesity.

Patients and methods: A total of 141 women aged 23-85 years with overweight or obesity were included. The study was conducted in 2023 in south-eastern Poland. Participants were divided into two age groups: under 65 years and 65 years and older. Anthropometric, biochemical and blood pressure measurements were taken. The lifestyle analysis included frequency of food consumption, physical activity and sedentary behaviours, sleep duration, smoking and alcohol consumption.

Results: The prevalence of MetS was higher in women with obesity, especially in women aged 65 years and older. Older women had a higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and a lower fat-free mass (FFM) with no significant differences in body fat percentage. The younger women were more physically active. Women aged 65 years and older consumed honey more frequently. They were less likely than younger women to consume fresh legumes and canned vegetables, nuts and seeds, wholemeal bread, as well as sugar-sweetened beverages, energy drinks, and mayonnaise and dressings. No significant age-related differences were found in smoking, alcohol consumption, or sleep duration.

Conclusion: The study suggests that obesity has a stronger impact on MetS prevalence than age alone. Differences in body composition and lifestyle patterns between age groups highlight the need for early, targeted interventions aimed at weight management and healthy behaviours, especially in younger women. Preventive strategies should be tailored to age-specific needs to effectively address metabolic risk.