mmWave Radar-Based Noninvasive Vehicle Occupancy Detection With Insights From Vision, RF, and Physical Sensors: A Review

IF 4.3 2区综合性期刊 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

IEEE Sensors Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI:10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562685

Jawad Yousaf;Alyssa Palmer;Maitha Shams;Zayna Wasma;Montasir Qasymeh;Taimur Hassan;Deepak Arora;Mohammed Ghazal

{"title":"mmWave Radar-Based Noninvasive Vehicle Occupancy Detection With Insights From Vision, RF, and Physical Sensors: A Review","authors":"Jawad Yousaf;Alyssa Palmer;Maitha Shams;Zayna Wasma;Montasir Qasymeh;Taimur Hassan;Deepak Arora;Mohammed Ghazal","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3562685","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The potential uses of human occupancy detection (HOD) in vehicles are crucial for handling resources, passenger safety, and privacy-preserving technology. In this study, the usage of various sensor systems for noninvasive vehicle occupant detection is examined, including millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar, vision-based, and physical sensors. These technologies undergo a thorough review analysis that looks at methods, performance indicators, and use cases before being assessed for robustness, accuracy, real-time capabilities, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The impact of clutter, scalability, and privacy in car interiors on HOD is also thoroughly discussed. Based on its ability to balance cost, accuracy, and adaptability, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar is termed the best option for vehicle occupant identification. The study discussed the possible challenges and future direction, as well as provided research opportunities in hybrid sensing systems and advanced machine learning integration to overcome existing constraints.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 11","pages":"18643-18661"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Sensors Journal","FirstCategoryId":"103","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10977736/","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The potential uses of human occupancy detection (HOD) in vehicles are crucial for handling resources, passenger safety, and privacy-preserving technology. In this study, the usage of various sensor systems for noninvasive vehicle occupant detection is examined, including millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar, vision-based, and physical sensors. These technologies undergo a thorough review analysis that looks at methods, performance indicators, and use cases before being assessed for robustness, accuracy, real-time capabilities, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The impact of clutter, scalability, and privacy in car interiors on HOD is also thoroughly discussed. Based on its ability to balance cost, accuracy, and adaptability, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar is termed the best option for vehicle occupant identification. The study discussed the possible challenges and future direction, as well as provided research opportunities in hybrid sensing systems and advanced machine learning integration to overcome existing constraints.

查看原文本刊更多论文

基于毫米波雷达的基于视觉、射频和物理传感器的无创车辆占用检测：综述

车内人员占用检测（HOD）的潜在用途对于处理资源、乘客安全和隐私保护技术至关重要。在本研究中，研究了用于非侵入性车辆乘员检测的各种传感器系统的使用情况，包括毫米波（mmWave）雷达、基于视觉的传感器和物理传感器。这些技术在进行鲁棒性、准确性、实时能力、可伸缩性和成本效益评估之前，要对方法、性能指标和用例进行彻底的审查分析。本文还深入讨论了汽车内饰的杂乱、可扩展性和隐私对HOD的影响。基于其平衡成本、精度和适应性的能力，调频连续波（FMCW）雷达被称为车辆乘员识别的最佳选择。该研究讨论了可能面临的挑战和未来的方向，并提供了混合传感系统和先进机器学习集成的研究机会，以克服现有的限制。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

IEEE Sensors Journal 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

7.70

自引率

14.00%

发文量

2058

审稿时长

5.2 months

期刊介绍： The fields of interest of the IEEE Sensors Journal are the theory, design , fabrication, manufacturing and applications of devices for sensing and transducing physical, chemical and biological phenomena, with emphasis on the electronics and physics aspect of sensors and integrated sensors-actuators. IEEE Sensors Journal deals with the following: -Sensor Phenomenology, Modelling, and Evaluation -Sensor Materials, Processing, and Fabrication -Chemical and Gas Sensors -Microfluidics and Biosensors -Optical Sensors -Physical Sensors: Temperature, Mechanical, Magnetic, and others -Acoustic and Ultrasonic Sensors -Sensor Packaging -Sensor Networks -Sensor Applications -Sensor Systems: Signals, Processing, and Interfaces -Actuators and Sensor Power Systems -Sensor Signal Processing for high precision and stability (amplification, filtering, linearization, modulation/demodulation) and under harsh conditions (EMC, radiation, humidity, temperature); energy consumption/harvesting -Sensor Data Processing (soft computing with sensor data, e.g., pattern recognition, machine learning, evolutionary computation; sensor data fusion, processing of wave e.g., electromagnetic and acoustic; and non-wave, e.g., chemical, gravity, particle, thermal, radiative and non-radiative sensor data, detection, estimation and classification based on sensor data) -Sensors in Industrial Practice