Metaverse technologies and human behavior: Insights into engagement, adoption, and ethical challenges

Abstract

This study explores the role of metaverse technologies, including virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), in shaping cognitive, emotional, and social processes and applies the Theory, Context, Characteristics, Methodology (TCCM) framework to synthesize insights from existing research. Seven thematic building blocks, derived from BERTopic modeling, guide the analysis: immersive learning behaviors in education, behavioral and ethical dimensions of metaverse technologies, VR applications in therapy and health outcomes, cognitive effects and behavioral responses in VR, VR for behavioral skills and training, VR and AR in learning and development, and VR technologies for safety-related behaviors. Key theories, including flow theory, self-determination theory, the technology acceptance model, the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, and the Proteus effect, provide structured lenses for understanding user engagement, technology adoption, and behavioral outcomes in these contexts. Future research should focus on advancing these theoretical frameworks to account for emerging behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dynamics in metaverse environments. Equitable design and inclusive access remain critical priorities, particularly in education, therapy, and workplace training, to ensure that metaverse technologies address diverse user needs. Long-term studies are necessary to explore the psychological and social implications of sustained engagement with metaverse technologies, particularly in relation to ethical concerns, privacy, and governance. By integrating theory and practice, this research identifies critical gaps and directions for leveraging metaverse technologies to enhance human‒computer interaction while addressing its inherent challenges.