Global geographical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes from dogs: A systematic review

IF 2.4 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Maryam Hataminejad , Mahbobeh Montazeri , Asal Tanzifi , Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle involving various intermediate hosts, including dogs. Dogs can act as intermediate hosts for T. gondii, allowing the parasite to undergo asexual reproduction within their tissues. This can lead to the formation of tissue cysts containing bradyzoites, which can be transmitted to other hosts. Therefore, the infectious strains of T. gondii in dogs could reflect the primary genotypes infecting the environment, humans, and animals. This comprehensive research aims to assess the genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates collected from dogs worldwide. A thorough search of four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science) and Google Scholar was conducted for literature published from January 1990 to March 2024. In the present study, a total of 26 papers met the criteria for inclusion. The results revealed that atypical genotypes were the most prevalent, accounting for 78.2 % of the total isolates (151 out of 193). Clonal Types III, II, and I were less frequent, with prevalence rates of 9.8 % (19 out of 193), 7.8 % (15 out of 193), and 3.1 % (6 out of 193), respectively. Type I clonal isolates have been documented in regions including Asia, Europe, and North America. Type II isolates have been identified in Africa, Europe, Oceania, and North America. Furthermore, Type III isolates, along with atypical genotypes, have been reported across Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. According to an analysis of 159 ToxoDB genotypes found in dogs worldwide, ToxoDB #2 (Type III) was the most prevalent genotype (18/159), followed by ToxoDB #1 or #3 (Type II) (15/159), ToxoDB #9 (15/159), and ToxoDB #20 (15/159). Overall, our study revealed low genetic diversity of T. gondii in dogs from Europe, Oceania, and Africa, with circulating clonal strains. Conversely, despite the higher number of isolates in Asia, North America, and South America, non-clonal parasites with extensive genetic diversity were prevalent.
犬刚地弓形虫基因型的全球地理分布:系统综述
刚地弓形虫(弓形虫)是一种普遍存在的原生动物寄生虫,具有复杂的生命周期,涉及多种中间宿主,包括狗。狗可以作为弓形虫的中间宿主,允许寄生虫在它们的组织中进行无性繁殖。这可能导致含有缓殖子的组织囊肿的形成,这可以传播给其他宿主。因此,犬感染弓形虫的菌株可以反映感染环境、人类和动物的主要基因型。这项综合研究的目的是评估从世界各地的狗身上收集的弓形虫分离株的遗传多样性。对PubMed、Scopus、ScienceDirect和Web of Science四个学术数据库和谷歌Scholar进行了全面检索,检索了1990年1月至2024年3月期间发表的文献。本研究共有26篇论文符合纳入标准。结果显示,非典型基因型最为普遍,占全部分离株的78.2%(193株中151株)。克隆型III、II和I较少见,患病率分别为9.8%(19 / 193)、7.8%(15 / 193)和3.1%(6 / 193)。I型克隆分离株在亚洲、欧洲和北美等地区均有记录。II型分离株已在非洲、欧洲、大洋洲和北美被发现。此外,III型分离株以及非典型基因型在非洲、亚洲、北美和南美均有报道。根据对全世界狗中发现的159种弓形虫基因型的分析,弓形虫2 (III型)是最普遍的基因型(18/159),其次是弓形虫1或3 (II型)(15/159),弓形虫9(15/159)和弓形虫20(15/159)。总体而言,我们的研究显示,来自欧洲、大洋洲和非洲的狗中弓形虫的遗传多样性较低,存在循环的克隆株。相反,尽管亚洲、北美和南美的分离株数量较多,但具有广泛遗传多样性的非克隆寄生虫普遍存在。
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来源期刊
Parasite Epidemiology and Control
Parasite Epidemiology and Control Medicine-Infectious Diseases
CiteScore
5.70
自引率
3.10%
发文量
44
审稿时长
17 weeks
期刊介绍: Parasite Epidemiology and Control is an Open Access journal. There is an increasing amount of research in the parasitology area that analyses the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. This epidemiology of parasite infectious diseases is predominantly studied in human populations but also spans other major hosts of parasitic infections and as such this journal will have a broad remit. We will focus on the major areas of epidemiological study including disease etiology, disease surveillance, drug resistance and geographical spread and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects in clinical trials for both human and other animals. We will also look at the epidemiology and control of vector insects. The journal will also cover the use of geographic information systems (Epi-GIS) for epidemiological surveillance which is a rapidly growing area of research in infectious diseases. Molecular epidemiological approaches are also particularly encouraged.
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