Advances in self-powered electrochemical systems for sports applications: Harnessing energy and sensing

Abstract

Recent advancements in electrochemical science are enabling the development of self-powered systems that address critical power and sensing needs in modern sports applications. This review highlights how electrochemical principles—primarily in energy conversion, storage, and sensing—underpin next-generation “smart” sports devices. Triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators are focal points, as they harness biomechanical energy from athletic movements and impacts. These energy-harvesting transducers, when integrated with electrochemical storage elements such as batteries or supercapacitors, create self-sustaining power loops that eliminate the need for traditional external power supplies. The review discusses the fundamentals of electrochemical storage materials, including nanostructured metal oxides and carbon-based architectures, detailing how these materials facilitate robust, high-capacity energy buffering in wearable formats. Additionally, electrochemical sensing platforms—particularly those based on sweat analysis—are presented as a non-invasive means to monitor key biochemical markers like lactate and electrolytes, providing actionable insights into performance and fatigue. Emphasis is placed on device architecture and fabrication strategies (including flexible substrates and printing techniques) that enhance wearability, durability, and real-time data capture. Beyond material design, emerging trends in machine learning are explored, showcasing how self-powered electrochemical systems can yield intelligent analytics for coaches and athletes alike. By merging electrochemical storage, energy harvesting, and data processing, these smart sports technologies promise to transform athletic training, competition, and injury prevention. Future prospects encompass multifunctional, integrated devices that leverage improved materials, manufacturing scalability, and AI-driven analysis for widespread deployment in sports performance monitoring.