Nature-derived carbon dots for ratiometric analysis: Bismuth-doped fluorescent probe for oyster shell determination in tablet dosage forms

IF 4.1 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Talanta Open Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI:10.1016/j.talo.2025.100492

Mahmoud Hamed , Noha Ibrahim , Alaa Bedair , Fotouh R. Mansour , Samy Emara , Walaa Zarad

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Abstract

Wheat bran (WB), a major byproduct of the milling industry, is the most prevalent among various cereal bran residues. The substantial accumulation of WB biomass is driving the research community to seek innovative and economically viable applications for this bioresource. In this context, the potential for utilizing WB byproducts as nature-derived carbon quantum dots (n-CQDs) precursor has been highlighted. This research introduces an innovative, environmentally friendly, and effective WB-based n-CQDs (WB-n-CQDs) synthesized by microwave-assisted method. The developed WB-n-CQDs-based fluorescence probe, in combination with silver nitrate, demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity for oyster shell calcium (OSC) quantification. The incorporation of bismuth oxide and folic acid as dopants effectively enhances the intensity of two emission peaks at 354 nm and 445 nm, thereby improving fluorescence ratiometric capabilities for measuring OSC. A variety of experimental techniques has been employed to investigate the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of WB-n-CQDs, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrated remarkable physical and chemical characteristics, highlighting the potential of WB-n-CQDs for their applications in green analytical chemistry. The fluorescence intensity of Ag-WB-n-CQDs demonstrated an acceptable linear correlation with OSC concentration levels ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 μg/mL, along with high recovery percentages that lie between 98 % and 102 %. The successful application of Ag-WB-n-CQDs for measuring OSC in its dosage forms demonstrates the promising potential of biomass-derived n-CQDs in sustainable and advanced sensing technologies.

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比率分析用天然碳点：片剂型中牡蛎壳测定用掺杂铋荧光探针

麦麸（WB）是碾磨工业的主要副产品，是各种谷物麸皮残留物中最普遍的。WB生物质的大量积累正在推动研究界寻求这种生物资源的创新和经济上可行的应用。在这种情况下，利用WB副产物作为自然衍生的碳量子点（n-CQDs）前体的潜力得到了强调。本研究介绍了一种创新的、环境友好的、高效的微波辅助合成WB-n-CQDs （WB-n-CQDs）。基于wb -n- cqds的荧光探针与硝酸银结合，对牡蛎壳钙（OSC）的定量具有较高的灵敏度和选择性。氧化铋和叶酸作为掺杂剂的掺入有效地增强了354nm和445nm两个发射峰的强度，从而提高了测量盐含量的荧光比测定能力。各种实验技术被用于研究WB-n-CQDs的结构、形态和光学特性，包括傅里叶变换红外光谱、能量色散x射线光谱、x射线光电子能谱、x射线衍射、荧光光谱、UV-Vis光谱和高分辨率透射电子显微镜。实验结果表明，WB-n-CQDs具有显著的物理和化学特性，在绿色分析化学领域具有广阔的应用前景。Ag-WB-n-CQDs的荧光强度与盐含量在0.1 ~ 1.0 μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性相关，回收率在98% ~ 102%之间。Ag-WB-n-CQDs在其剂型盐含量测量中的成功应用表明，生物质来源的n-CQDs在可持续和先进的传感技术中具有广阔的潜力。

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