Is low heart rate variability associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction in children with obesity? A cross-sectional study.

Abstract

Background and aim: Children with obesity have impaired cardiac function and increased risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction. We investigated children with obesity and low heart rate variability (HRV) in terms of anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, food addiction (FA), and blood pressure, comparing them with those who have normal heart rate variability.

Methods and results: Children aged 7-11 years, of both sexes, were divided into groups: the control group (CG, n = 34) comprised children with normal weight and normal heart rate variability; obesity plus normal heart rate variability (ONHRV, n = 51); and obesity plus low heart rate variability (OLHRV, n = 39). Anthropometric, biochemical parameters, HRV, blood pressure, and FA were measured. The OLHRV group showed higher weight (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001), insulin resistance (p < 0.001), and lower RMSSD (p < 0.001) compared to ONHRV and CG. The prevalence of FA did not differ among the groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that the OLHRV group had a greater impact on insulin resistance (Beta 0.662, p < 0.001) than ONHRV (Beta 0.435, p < 0.001). Both groups explained systolic blood pressure (OLHRV, Beta 0.440, p < 0.001; ONHRV, Beta 0.434, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Children with obesity plus low heart rate variability showed poor anthropometric indicators, increased insulin resistance, and an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system with low parasympathetic modulation. These findings suggest that the severity of obesity in children is associated with lower HRV and lower HRV plus obesity is an important predictor of insulin resistance and increased blood pressure.