Nutrition, Gut Microbiota, and Epigenetics in the Modulation of Immune Response and Metabolic Health.

Cardiology and cardiovascular medicine Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-05
Sabrin Bacaloni, Devendra K Agrawal
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Abstract

Immune system function is intricately shaped by nutritional status, dietary patterns, and gut microbiota composition. Micronutrients such as vitamins A, C, D, E, B-complex, zinc, selenium, iron, and magnesium are critical for maintaining physical barriers, supporting immune cell proliferation, and regulating inflammation. Macronutrients-including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates-also modulate immune responses through their impact on immune metabolism and the gut-immune axis. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA expression, mediate the long-term effects of diet on immune function and tolerance. Diet-induced alterations in gut microbiota further influence immune homeostasis via microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids. Imbalanced diets, particularly the Western diet, contribute to immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. While plant-based and Mediterranean dietary patterns have shown anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory benefits, gaps remain in understanding the long-term epigenetic impacts of these diets. This review integrates current knowledge on how nutrition and the microbiome regulate immunity, highlighting future directions for personalized dietary strategies in preventing chronic immune-related conditions.

营养、肠道菌群和表观遗传学在免疫反应和代谢健康调节中的作用。
免疫系统功能受营养状况、饮食模式和肠道菌群组成的复杂影响。微量营养素,如维生素A、C、D、E、b复合物、锌、硒、铁和镁,对维持物理屏障、支持免疫细胞增殖和调节炎症至关重要。大量营养素——包括蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物——也通过对免疫代谢和肠道免疫轴的影响来调节免疫反应。表观遗传机制,包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和microRNA表达,介导了饮食对免疫功能和耐受性的长期影响。饮食诱导的肠道菌群改变通过短链脂肪酸等微生物代谢物进一步影响免疫稳态。不平衡的饮食,尤其是西方饮食,会导致免疫失调、慢性炎症和代谢紊乱的发展,如肥胖和2型糖尿病。虽然植物性和地中海饮食模式已经显示出抗炎和免疫调节的益处,但在了解这些饮食的长期表观遗传影响方面仍然存在差距。这篇综述整合了目前关于营养和微生物组如何调节免疫的知识,强调了个性化饮食策略在预防慢性免疫相关疾病方面的未来方向。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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