Healthcare workers' perspective about barriers and facilitators to pediatric HIV status disclosure in eastern Uganda using capability opportunity and motivation of behavior change model.

Abstract

HIV status disclosure by caregivers to children and adolescents living with HIV (CALH) remains a public health concern in countries with a high burden of HIV despite guidelines for healthcare workers (HCWs) to facilitate the process. This study explored barriers and facilitators to HIV disclosure at two referral hospitals in eastern Uganda focusing on the utilization of existing guidelines. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted among all HCWs involved in the management of CALH at three pediatric HIV clinics. Research assistants collected data using a semi-structured interview guide designed based on the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation of Behavior change (COM-B) Model. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, analyzed thematically, and categorized based on the COM-B and social-ecological models using the inductive content approach. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted among HCWs, including both males and females in equal numbers. The barriers to disclosure involved all five levels of the social-ecological model, while facilitators were at only three levels (individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels). Regarding the capability of HCWs to support disclosure, limited training affected their psychological (knowledge) and physical ability (skills), while awareness of responsibilities enhanced psychological ability. For opportunity, an unstable home environment, limited access to guidelines, and HIV-related stigma were barriers in physical and social environments, while peer support, teamwork, and orphanhood status were facilitators in the social environment. Limited health funding and lack of preparatory procedures affected reflective motivation, while delayed disclosure affected automatic motivation. Conversely, emotional reward and monitoring, checklists, and supervision enhanced the automatic motivation of HCWs toward disclosure. The findings highlighted several potentially modifiable factors that need to be addressed or reinforced to improve HIV disclosure and utilization of existing guidelines. These findings are key in informing stakeholders regarding the development of implementation strategies for improving pediatric HIV disclosure and utilization of existing guidelines in Uganda.