Startling acoustic stimuli hasten reflexive choice reaching tasks by enhancing, but not changing the timing of, express visuomotor responses

Abstract

Responding to an external stimulus takes ∼200 ms, but this can be shortened to as little as ∼120 ms with the additional presentation of a startling acoustic stimulus. This phenomenon is hypothesized to arise from the involuntary release of a prepared movement (a StartReact effect). However, a startling acoustic stimulus also expedites rapid mid-flight, reactive adjustments to unpredictably displaced targets which could not have been prepared in advance. We surmise that for such rapid visuomotor transformations, intersensory facilitation may occur between auditory signals arising from the startling acoustic stimulus and visual signals relayed along a fast subcortical network. To explore this, we examined how a startling acoustic stimulus shortens reaction times in a task that produces express visuomotor responses, which are brief bursts of muscle activity that arise from a fast tectoreticulospinal network. We measured express visuomotor responses on upper limb muscles in humans as they reached either toward or away from a stimulus in blocks of trials where movements could either be fully prepared or not, occasionally pairing stimulus presentation with a startling acoustic stimulus. The startling acoustic stimulus reliably produced larger but fixed-latency express visuomotor responses in a target-selective manner, and also shortened reaction times, which were equally short for prepared and unprepared movements. Our results provide insights into how a startling acoustic stimulus shortens the latency of reactive movements without full motor preparation. We propose that the reticular formation is the probable node for intersensory convergence during the most rapid transformations of vision into targeted reaching actions.

Key points

• A startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) shortens reaction times by releasing fully prepared motor programmes (the StartReact effect), but can also hasten responses in reflexive tasks without any movement preparation.
• Here we measure the effect of a SAS on reaction times and upper limb muscle recruitment in a reflexive reaching task, focusing on express visuomotor responses that are evoked by visual target presentation and demarcate activity along a subcortical tectoreticulospinal pathway.
• A SAS robustly increased the magnitude of express visuomotor responses without changing their timing, and this increase was tightly related to the subsequent reaction time even in the absence of motor preparation.
• Our results attest to intersensory facilitation within the tectoreticulospinal pathway, which provides the shortest pathway mediating visuomotor transformations for reaching.
• These results reconcile discrepant findings by emphasizing the importance of intersensory facilitation in SAS-induced hastening of reaction times in reflexive tasks.