Participatory mapping of marine ecosystem services in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park (Spain)

Abstract

Marine ecosystems are a source of ecosystem services for people globally. Recent efforts for marine conservation and preservation of marine ecosystem services (MES) have increased worldwide through the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). However, standardized methods for integrating MES in MPAs planning and management remain poorly assessed. Here, based on knowledge from expert and local stakeholders, we applied participatory mapping technique to assess the spatial distribution of MES in the MPA of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park (SE Spain) with the goal of informing its spatial planning. Firstly, we conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with key local stakeholders and experts to elicit their knowledge regarding MES importance. Secondly, we evaluated the spatial distribution of MES delivery within the Cabo de Gata MPA boundaries. Finally, we characterized and mapped the hotspots of MES delivery within the MPA. Additionally, this methodological approach allowed to map cultural MES, traditionally overlooked since they are difficult to assess in marine systems. Overall, local stakeholders and experts perceived that the study area has a high capacity to provide MES to people, specifically habitat maintenance, scenic landscape values, environmental education, and local knowledge. A high spatial variability of MES delivery was observed within the MPA, with regulating MES concentrated in the integral reserve areas (i.e., core zone of maximum protection) and cultural MES along the coastline. Hotspots of regulating MES overlapped core zones, while hotspots of cultural MES pointed out new areas within the MPA that demand attention by managers. Finally, we reflect on the utility of including participatory mapping procedures in management and planning of this and other marine protected areas.