A stress-based criterion for interpreting size-dependent ice debonding behavior

Abstract

Ice accumulation has driven the demand for low ice adhesion surfaces, but inadequate understanding of the debonding mechanism has hindered progress, especially as size dependence further complicates analysis and undermines evaluation reliability. Although a mainstream view attributes the behavior to toughness-controlled debonding, a universal mechanism applicable to continuous size variations remains elusive. In this study, we developed a continuous shear de-icing model, revealed the non-uniform stress distribution at the ice-substrate interface, introduced a stress-based criterion offering a novel perspective, and synthesized a series of two-component gel coatings for verification. Our findings show that the interfacial shear stress decreases with distance from the loading surface, causing the de-icing force to approach an asymptotic limit. We also derived a de-icing force prediction equation as a function of ice length, established expressions for the critical length and asymptotic force, and re-evaluated the influence of key variables. To ensure consistency across the various studies reported, an adaptive evaluation method based on the intrinsic strength concept was introduced. Additionally, an apparent strength correction factor and a graphical program were developed, significantly enhancing transferability among different test specimens. This study provides a theoretical framework for the design and evaluation of icephobic coatings and offers new insights into optimizing de-icing strategies for practical applications.