[Health Effects of Wildfires].

Abstract

The increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires, exacerbated by climate change, pose a significant threat to both the environment and human health. In addition to destroying ecosystems, these fires cause severe air pollution, particularly through fine particulate matter (PM2.5, diameter ≤ 2.5 µm), which can be transported over long distances. A recent example are the wildfires in Canada, whose smoke enveloped New York City in dense smog. Fine particulate matter increases the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, especially among vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, individuals with preexisting conditions, and the elderly. Globally, emissions from wildfires are linked to hundreds of thousands of premature deaths annually. Protective measures such as early warning systems, air filtration systems, and the use of masks can help reduce exposure. However, knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding the specific components of pollutants and their interactions with environmental factors. Long-term research is essential to better understand the health impacts and to develop targeted prevention strategies. Wildfires underscore the urgent need for global climate protection measures and innovative approaches to public health preparedness.