Virulence factors released by extracellular vesicles from Cryptococcus neoformans.

IF 4.6 2区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Pub Date : 2025-05-14 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1572520

Wenhao Xiao, Huiqiang Lu, Bowei Jiang, Yaqi Zheng, Puwen Chen, Xiaotong Liu, Junyun Huang

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Abstract

Cryptococcus neoformans, a prominent opportunistic pathogen, is equipped with unique mechanisms to evade host immune defenses, notably through its capsule and the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite significant understanding of its pathogenesis, the precise role of EVs in virulence and their molecular components remain underexplored. This review synthesizes current research on the virulence factors encapsulated within EVs of Cryptococcus, highlighting their contribution to fungal survival and pathogenicity. By analyzing the biochemical composition of these vesicles, we found the presence of enzymes (e.g., Urease, laccase), toxins (e.g. Melanin), and genes (e.g. Ssa1) associated with pathogenicity factors. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these findings for developing therapeutic interventions. This work advances the field by providing a comprehensive overview of EV-mediated mechanisms in Cryptococcus, offering new insights into potential targets for antifungal strategies.

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新型隐球菌细胞外囊泡释放的毒力因子。

新型隐球菌是一种重要的机会致病菌，具有独特的逃避宿主免疫防御的机制，主要是通过其被囊和细胞外囊泡（EVs）的分泌。尽管对其发病机制有了重要的了解，但ev在毒力及其分子成分中的确切作用仍未得到充分探讨。本文综述了隐球菌ev内毒力因子的研究现状，重点介绍了它们对真菌存活和致病性的影响。通过分析这些囊泡的生化组成，我们发现了与致病性因子相关的酶（如脲酶、漆酶）、毒素（如黑色素）和基因（如Ssa1）的存在。此外，我们还讨论了这些发现对开发治疗干预措施的意义。这项工作提供了ev介导隐球菌机制的全面概述，为抗真菌策略的潜在靶点提供了新的见解，从而推动了该领域的发展。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology IMMUNOLOGY-MICROBIOLOGY

CiteScore

7.90

自引率

7.00%

发文量

1817

审稿时长

14 weeks

期刊介绍： Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology is a leading specialty journal, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across all pathogenic microorganisms and their interaction with their hosts. Chief Editor Yousef Abu Kwaik, University of Louisville is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international experts. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology includes research on bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, endosymbionts, prions and all microbial pathogens as well as the microbiota and its effect on health and disease in various hosts. The research approaches include molecular microbiology, cellular microbiology, gene regulation, proteomics, signal transduction, pathogenic evolution, genomics, structural biology, and virulence factors as well as model hosts. Areas of research to counteract infectious agents by the host include the host innate and adaptive immune responses as well as metabolic restrictions to various pathogenic microorganisms, vaccine design and development against various pathogenic microorganisms, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and its countermeasures.