The future of herbicide application: controlled-release formulations for enhanced agricultural sustainability.

Abstract

The agricultural sector faces significant challenges from weed-induced crop losses, driving increased herbicide use and associated environmental and health risks. Controlled-release formulations (CRFs) of herbicides offer a promising solution by employing advanced materials such as synthetic and natural polymers, clay minerals, siliceous materials, and nanoparticles to optimize the release and efficacy of active ingredients (AIs). This review explores the mechanisms of controlled release - desorption, diffusion, osmosis, and matrix dissolution - and examines the role of carrier properties in modulating AI release kinetics. Advances in smart nanocarriers and encapsulation technologies demonstrate improved precision, reduced herbicide usage, and minimal impact on soil microbiomes, fostering sustainable agriculture. Despite these innovations, challenges remain in standardizing processes, enhancing cost-effectiveness, and scaling up field applications. This study emphasizes the critical balance between improving agricultural productivity and minimizing ecological harm, highlighting the potential of CRFs to revolutionize weed management practices while preserving soil health and ecosystem integrity.