Personal exposure to PM2.5 and its chemical components in individuals with COPD: associations with lifestyle and lung function

Abstract

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is a major environmental health concern, particularly for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, research examining how PM_2.5 exposure and lifestyle influence disease severity remains limited. This study aimed to assess personal PM_2.5 exposure levels and analyze its chemical composition among COPD patients in Atlanta, Georgia, along with investigating the association between exposure levels, lifestyles, and lung functions. We enrolled 28 COPD patients, and a Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) was performed prior to the exposure measurement. Personal PM_2.5 exposure was measured over a 24-hour period using MicroPEM, followed by a survey to assess participants’ lifestyle and track their daily activities. Concentrations of PM_2.5 and 33 inorganic elements were quantified and Black Carbon (BC), Brown Carbon (BrC) and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) were estimated from filter-based optical measurements. Associations between pollutant exposure, lifestyle factors, and lung function were evaluated using multivariable linear regression. PM_2.5 levels ranged from 1.81 to 154.48 µg/m³, showing substantial individual variability. Window opening hours were associated with increased levels of PM_2.5, BC, Br, K, and S, while smoking was correlated with elevated ETS, Ca, and K. Time spent outdoors was linked to higher Cu and Ti, while cooking duration was associated with elevated Na and Ca. In addition, BC and K showed negative associations with Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), indicating potential impact on lung function. These findings highlight the importance of considering both lifestyle factors and PM_2.5 composition in developing strategies to reduce exposure and mitigate lung function impacts.