Medicinal Plant Stem Cells: Unlocking Potential in the Genomics Era

Abstract

Plant stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in meristematic tissues that possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types, making them essential for plant growth, development, and regeneration [1,2]. They are categorized into three main types: apical meristems, located at the tips of roots and shoots, which drive primary growth; lateral meristems, found in vascular and cork cambium, which contribute to secondary growth and thickening of stems and roots; and intercalary meristems, present in monocots, such as grasses, which enable regrowth after cutting. These stem cells have significant applications across various industries, including agriculture and plant breeding, where they enhance plant regeneration, propagation, and stress tolerance against adverse environmental conditions, such as drought, disease, and extreme temperatures [3,4]. In the cosmetics and skincare industries, plant stem cells, particularly those derived from apples (Malus domestica), grapes (Vitis vinifera), and edelweisses (Leontopodium alpinum), are valued for their high antioxidant content and regenerative properties, making them popular ingredients in anti-aging and skin repair formulations [5,6]. In medicine and biotechnology, plant stem cells have the potential to produce plant-derived pharmaceuticals and bioengineered compounds, supporting sustainable drug synthesis without relying on large-scale farming [7]. Additionally, they serve as sustainable alternatives in plant tissue culture, allowing the efficient production of bioactive compounds without extensive use of natural resources. Given their broad applications and potential to revolutionize multiple industries, plant stem cells continue to be a vital area of research and innovation.