Antidepressant Switching as a Proxy Phenotype for Drug Nonresponse: Investigating Clinical, Demographic, and Genetic Characteristics

Abstract

Background

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a first-line pharmacological therapy in major depressive disorder (MDD), but treatment response rates are low. Clinical trials lack the power to study the genetic contribution to SSRI response. Real-world evidence from electronic health records provides larger sample sizes, but novel response definitions are needed to accurately define SSRI nonresponders.

Methods

In the UK Biobank (UKB) (N = 38,813) and Generation Scotland (N = 1777) datasets, SSRI switching was defined using ≤90-day gap between prescriptions for an SSRI and another antidepressant in primary care. Nonswitchers were participants with ≥3 consecutive prescriptions for an SSRI. In the UKB, clinical, demographic, and polygenic score (PGS) associations with switching were determined, and the common-variant heritability was estimated.

Results

In the UKB, 5133 (13.2%) SSRI switchers and 33,680 nonswitchers were defined. The mean time to switch was 28 days (interquartile range, 17–49). Switching patterns were consistent across the UKB and Generation Scotland (n = 498 switchers). Higher annual income and educational levels (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI] for a university degree, 0.73 [0.67–0.79] compared with no qualifications) were associated with lower levels of switching. PGSs for nonremission, based on clinical studies, were associated with increased risk of switching (OR, 1.07 [1.02–1.12], p = .007). MDD PGSs and family history of depression were not significantly associated with switching. Using genome-wide complex trait Bayesian, the single nucleotide polymorphism–based heritability was approximately 4% (SE 0.016) on the observed scale.

Conclusions

This study identified SSRI switching as a proxy for nonresponse, scalable across biobanks with electronic health records, capturing demographics and genetics of treatment nonresponse, and independent of MDD genetics.