Fast Degradation of Solid Electrolyte in Initial Cycling Processes, Tracked in 3D by Synchrotron X-ray Computed Tomography

Abstract

Solid-state lithium batteries are developing rapidly as a promising next-generation battery, while challenges still persist in understanding their degradation processes during cycling due to the difficulties in characterization. In this study, the 3D morphological evolution of the Li₃PS₄ solid electrolyte was tracked during electrochemical cycles (plating and stripping) until short circuit by utilizing in situ synchrotron X-ray computed tomography with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. During the degradation process, cracks in the electrolyte alternately generated from the two electrode/electrolyte interfaces and propagated until shorting. The lithium dendrites filled in the electrolyte cracks but had a greatly reduced filling ratio after the first plating stage; therefore, the cell could continue working for some time after the solid electrolyte was fully fractured by cracks. The compression of the two lithium electrodes mainly occurred in initial cycles where a ca. 4–7 μm reduction in thickness was observed. The mechanical force and electric potential fields were modeled to visualize their redistributions in different stages of cycling. The release of strain energy after the first penetration and thereafter the subsequent driving forces are discussed. These results reveal a fast degradation of solid electrolyte in the initial cycles, providing insights for further modifications and improvements in solid-state batteries.