Distal gut colonization by oral bacteria during intensive chemotherapy: direct evidence from strain-level analysis of paired samples.

Abstract

Oral bacteria have been found in the colon in pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease. To ascertain niche coalescence, 2 elements are essential: (i) paired oral/fecal samples and (ii) strain-level resolution. We profiled the microbiota in 283 samples from 39 patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy at baseline (saliva: 49, plaque: 51, stool: 43), week 2 (saliva: 18, plaque: 17, stool: 17), week 3 (saliva: 18, plaque: 21, stool: 21), and week 4 (saliva: 8, plaque: 10, stool: 10) of chemotherapy. Through strain-level analysis of paired samples, we demonstrate strong evidence for a breakdown of niche separation in most patients. The extent of overlap increased with time, particularly in patients with intestinal mucositis. Our findings provide definitive evidence for ectopic colonization of the distal gut by oral bacteria in a disease state, likely facilitated by intestinal mucositis. Microbiota contribution by the mouth to the colon may have consequences for the host.