Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis Immunothrombosis.

Abstract

Background: Infective endocarditis continues to represent a challenge for healthcare systems, requiring careful management and resources. Recent studies have indicated a shift in the predominant pathogens of concern, with Streptococcus sp. a being superseded by Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. as the leading causes of concern. This shift is of concern as it is associated with Staphylococcus Aureus which has a high virulence rate and a tendency to form a biofilm, meaning that non-surgical therapy may not be effective. It is imperative to deliberate on the likelihood of platelet blood clot formation, which may be accompanied by bacterial infestation and the development of a biofilm. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and Pubmed were searched using terms relating to 'endocarditis' and 'Staphilococcus aureus', along with 'epidemiology', 'pathogenesis', 'coagulation', 'platelet', 'aggregation', and 'immunity'. The search focused on publications from the past 15 years, but excluded older, highly regarded articles. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. Recommended review articles are cited for more details. Results: An endocarditis lesion is believed to be a blood clot infected with bacteria that adheres to the heart valves. Infective endocarditis is a good example of immunothrombosis, where the coagulation system, innate immunity and the function of coagulation in isolating and eliminating pathogens interact. However, in the context of infective endocarditis, immunothrombosis unintentionally establishes an environment conducive to bacterial proliferation. The process of immunothrombosis impedes the immune system, enabling bacterial proliferation. The coagulation system plays a pivotal role in the progression of this condition. Conclusion: The coagulation system is key to how bacteria attach to the heart valves, how vegetations develop, and how complications like embolisation and valve dysfunction occur. Staphylococcus aureus, the main cause of infective endocarditis, can change blood clotting, growing well in the fibrin-rich environment of vegetation. The coagulation system is a good target for treating infective endocarditis because of its central role in the disease. But we must be careful, as using blood-thinning medicines in patients with endocarditis can often lead to an increased risk of bleeding.