PCSK9 is a passenger gene in head and neck cancer with minimal pathological influence

Abstract

Objectives

In this study, we aimed to explore the pathological effects of PCSK9 in head and neck cancer (HNC) by ablating its expression using the CRISPR-Cas9 knockout system.

Design

To investigate the clinical importance of PCSK9 in HNC, in silico analysis was performed using datasets from the GEO database and the UALCAN database. To evaluate the role of PCSK9 in HNC pathogenesis, both CRISPR-Cas9 knockout system and pharmacological inhibition were employed to ablate PCSK9 expression in HNC cell lines. The impact of PCSK9 on cellular growth and proliferation was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8, soft agar, and clonogenic assays in a 2D culture model, as well as a hanging drop spheroid formation assay with live/dead staining in a 3D culture model. The involvement of PCSK9 in apoptosis induction was evaluated by detecting c-PARP expression through Western blotting, measuring the sub-G1 population via cell cycle assay, and verifying the Annexin V-positive population. Finally, changes in metastatic profiles associated with fluctuations in PCSK9 expression were examined using wound healing and transwell migration/invasion assays.

Results

In in silico analysis results, PCSK9 appeared to be related to the progression of HNC. However, experimental results demonstrated that PCSK9 plays a minimal role in cancer cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, colony formation capacity, in 2D cultures, as well as spheroidal growth in 3D cultures, and apoptosis induction. Furthermore, PCSK9 marginally influenced wound closure, metastatic potential, and invasive ability.

Conclusion

Collectively, these data suggest that PCSK9 serves a neutral role in HNC, functioning as a passenger gene.