Integrating machine learning with triboelectric nanogenerators: Optimizing electrode materials and doping strategies for intelligent energy harvesting

Abstract

The integration of machine learning techniques with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offers a transformative pathway for optimizing energy harvesting technologies. In this study, we propose a comprehensive framework that utilizes graph neural networks to predict and enhance the performance of TENG electrode materials and doping strategies. By leveraging an extensive dataset of experimental and computational results, the model effectively classifies electrode materials, predicts optimal doping ratios, and establishes robust structure–property relationships. Key findings include a 65.7% increase in energy density for aluminum-doped PTFE and an 85.7% improvement for fluorine-doped PTFE, highlighting the critical influence of doping materials and their concentrations. The model further identifies PTFE as a highly effective negative electrode material, achieving a maximum energy density of 1.12 J/cm${}^2$ with 7% silver (Ag) doping when copper (Cu) is used as the positive electrode. This data-driven approach not only accelerates material discovery but also significantly reduces experimental costs, providing novel insights into the fundamental factors influencing TENG performance. The proposed methodology establishes a robust platform for intelligent material design, advancing the development of sustainable energy technologies and self-powered systems.