Bridging oral and systemic health: exploring pathogenesis, biomarkers, and diagnostic innovations in periodontal disease.

IF 5.4 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Max Foroughi, Mahmoud Torabinejad, Nikola Angelov, David M Ojcius, Keykavous Parang, Marcus Ravnan, Jerika Lam
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose: This narrative review explores the multifaceted links between periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) and systemic health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes, Alzheimer's disease, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and respiratory infections. It aims to synthesize evidence on how local oral infections exert systemic effects and evaluate the potential of diagnostic technologies to monitor these interactions.

Methods: This narrative review synthesizes current scientific literature on periodontal disease pathogenesis, focusing on key pathogens (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum) and their roles in driving local and systemic inflammation via virulence factors and microbial dysbiosis. It examines biomarker-based diagnostic approaches (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, microbial DNA) in saliva, blood, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and evaluates current and emerging diagnostic tools (e.g., ELISA, PCR, lateral flow assays, biosensors, microfluidics).

Results: The review highlights that periodontal pathogens contribute to systemic disease through complex mechanisms including persistent inflammation (driven by cytokines like IL-1β, TNF-α), endotoxemia (via LPS, noting pathogen-specific structural variations impacting immune response), molecular mimicry, and immune modulation. Current diagnostic methods provide valuable information but often face limitations in speed, portability, and multiplexing capability needed for comprehensive point-of-care assessment. Emerging technologies, particularly multiplex platforms integrating biosensors or microfluidics, demonstrate significant potential for rapid, user-friendly analysis of multiple biomarkers, facilitating earlier detection and personalized risk stratification, especially in high-risk populations.

Conclusion: Periodontal diseases significantly impact systemic health via intricate microbial and inflammatory pathways. The complexity of these interactions necessitates moving beyond conventional diagnostics towards integrated, advanced technologies. Implementing rapid, multiplex biomarker detection platforms within a multidisciplinary healthcare framework holds the potential to revolutionize early detection of linked conditions, improve personalized management strategies, and ultimately reduce the systemic burden of periodontal disease.

连接口腔和全身健康:探索牙周病的发病机制、生物标志物和诊断创新。
目的:本综述探讨了牙周病(牙龈炎和牙周炎)与全身健康状况之间的多方面联系,包括心血管疾病、糖尿病、不良妊娠结局、阿尔茨海默病、癌症、类风湿关节炎和呼吸道感染。它旨在综合有关局部口腔感染如何产生全身影响的证据,并评估监测这些相互作用的诊断技术的潜力。方法:本文综合了目前有关牙周病发病机制的科学文献,重点介绍了关键病原体(如牙龈卟啉单胞菌、核梭杆菌)及其通过毒力因子和微生物生态失调在局部和全身炎症中的作用。它检查基于生物标志物的诊断方法(例如,IL-1β, TNF-α,微生物DNA)在唾液,血液和龈沟液(GCF)和评估当前和新兴的诊断工具(例如,ELISA, PCR,侧流试验,生物传感器,微流体)。结果:该综述强调牙周病原体通过复杂的机制促进全体性疾病,包括持续炎症(由IL-1β, TNF-α等细胞因子驱动),内毒素血症(通过LPS,注意病原体特异性结构变化影响免疫反应),分子模仿和免疫调节。目前的诊断方法提供了有价值的信息,但往往面临速度、可移植性和多路复用能力的限制,需要全面的即时评估。新兴技术,特别是集成生物传感器或微流体的多重平台,展示了对多种生物标志物进行快速、用户友好分析的巨大潜力,促进了早期检测和个性化风险分层,特别是在高风险人群中。结论:牙周病通过复杂的微生物和炎症途径显著影响全身健康。这些相互作用的复杂性需要超越传统的诊断方法,采用综合的先进技术。在多学科医疗保健框架内实施快速、多种生物标志物检测平台,有可能彻底改变相关疾病的早期检测,改善个性化管理策略,并最终减轻牙周病的系统负担。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Infection
Infection 医学-传染病学
CiteScore
12.50
自引率
1.30%
发文量
224
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Infection is a journal dedicated to serving as a global forum for the presentation and discussion of clinically relevant information on infectious diseases. Its primary goal is to engage readers and contributors from various regions around the world in the exchange of knowledge about the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, both in outpatient and inpatient settings. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including: Etiology: The study of the causes of infectious diseases. Pathogenesis: The process by which an infectious agent causes disease. Diagnosis: The methods and techniques used to identify infectious diseases. Treatment: The medical interventions and strategies employed to treat infectious diseases. Public Health: Issues of local, regional, or international significance related to infectious diseases, including prevention, control, and management strategies. Hospital Epidemiology: The study of the spread of infectious diseases within healthcare settings and the measures to prevent nosocomial infections. In addition to these, Infection also includes a specialized "Images" section, which focuses on high-quality visual content, such as images, photographs, and microscopic slides, accompanied by brief abstracts. This section is designed to highlight the clinical and diagnostic value of visual aids in the field of infectious diseases, as many conditions present with characteristic clinical signs that can be diagnosed through inspection, and imaging and microscopy are crucial for accurate diagnosis. The journal's comprehensive approach ensures that it remains a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and researchers in the field of infectious diseases.
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