A theoretical framework for dynamic cell patterning and synchronization using optical tweezers

Abstract

Cell patterning is a pivotal technology in biomedical engineering, enabling precise spatial arrangement of cells and particles for applications such as tissue engineering, stem cell differentiation, and biosensors. While traditional methods like stencil-based patterning and microcontact printing lack dynamic control over cell positions, recent innovations such as dielectrophoresis (DEP), acoustic tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and optical tweezers offer enhanced precision. However, synchronizing cell group patterning remains a significant challenge. This study focuses on dynamic cell patterning using optical tweezers, with an emphasis on synchronizing cell positions within a group. We analyze the synchronization error—defined as the differential position error between two cells—and its impact on the overall cell group configuration. A novel feedback position controller is proposed, integrating both position and synchronization errors to ensure asymptotic convergence to zero. Simulation results indicate a significant improvement in precision, with the proposed method achieving a reduction in maximum synchronization error from 1.31 to 0.275 μm (79% decrease) and maximum position error from 2.12 to 1.43 μm (33% decrease) compared to conventional non-synchronized approaches. By enabling precise and scalable control over complex, reconfigurable cell arrangements, this work advances the field of cell patterning and opens new possibilities for applications in drug screening, disease modeling, and organoid development.