Benzophenone-3: A systematic review on aquatic toxicity, pollution status, environmental risk assessment, and treatment approaches

IF 8.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Science of the Total Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179740

Naveeta Kotia , Reshma Sinha , Valbona Aliko , Caterina Faggio

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a widely employed UV filter and forms the composition of sunscreens and various personal care products. It enters the water through human recreational activities and through ineffective degradation in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Due to its global detection, low water solubility, diminished biodegradability, elevated sorption potential, potential bioaccumulation, and endocrine-disrupting effects, it has been categorized as an emerging pollutant. The detection of BP-3 and its metabolites in various aquatic organisms globally has raised concerns about potential repercussions in the food chain. Environmental risk assessments revealed hazard quotient (HQ) values between 0.04 and 12.0 for freshwater habitats, indicating significant risks. The predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) ranged from 0.0139 to 19.1 μg/L, indicating varied risk levels and necessitating further refinement. Monitoring sewage plants using different treatment methods concluded the addition of metabolites and degradation by-products with added negative impact and other limitations. Assessment of advanced oxidation process of BP-3 removal strategies displayed reduced by-product toxicity and better removal rates using sonochemical decomposition (98 %), potassium permanganate treatment (91.3 %), and cobalt ferrite-activated persulfate oxidation technology (91 %). Despite this, these showed implementation hindrances, large-scalability issues, and lower degradation efficiencies at real matrices. Recent developments highlight feasible techniques such as phytoremediation, microalgae-assisted mitigation, and microbial degradation with improved removal rates and minimized by-product toxicity. Present review systematically examines the contamination level of BP-3 and its ecotoxicological impact on aquatic ecosystems, elucidating the intrinsic mechanism of action and identifying current knowledge deficiencies.

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二苯甲酮-3：水生毒性、污染现状、环境风险评估和处理方法的系统综述

二苯甲酮-3 （BP-3）是一种广泛使用的紫外线过滤器，是防晒霜和各种个人护理产品的成分。它通过人类的娱乐活动和传统污水处理厂的无效降解进入水中。由于其可全球检测，水溶性低，生物降解性降低，吸收电位升高，潜在的生物积累和内分泌干扰作用，它已被归类为新兴污染物。BP-3及其代谢物在全球各种水生生物中的检测引起了人们对食物链潜在影响的担忧。环境风险评价显示，淡水生境的危害商（HQ）值在0.04 ~ 12.0之间，表明存在显著风险。预测无效应浓度（PNECs）范围为0.0139 ~ 19.1 μg/L，表明不同的风险水平，需要进一步细化。对采用不同处理方法的污水厂的监测表明，代谢物和降解副产物的添加具有增加的负面影响和其他局限性。对BP-3高级氧化去除策略的评估显示，声化学分解（98%）、高锰酸钾处理（91.3%）和钴铁氧体活化过硫酸盐氧化技术（91%）降低了副产物毒性和更好的去除率。尽管如此，在实际矩阵中，这些显示了实现障碍、大可伸缩性问题和较低的退化效率。最近的发展突出了可行的技术，如植物修复、微藻辅助缓解和微生物降解，这些技术可以提高去除率并最大限度地减少副产物的毒性。本文系统地研究了BP-3的污染水平及其对水生生态系统的生态毒理学影响，阐明了BP-3的内在作用机制，并指出了目前知识的不足。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Science of the Total Environment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

17.60

自引率

10.20%

发文量

8726

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Science of the Total Environment is an international journal dedicated to scientific research on the environment and its interaction with humanity. It covers a wide range of disciplines and seeks to publish innovative, hypothesis-driven, and impactful research that explores the entire environment, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. The journal's updated Aims & Scope emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary environmental research with broad impact. Priority is given to studies that advance fundamental understanding and explore the interconnectedness of multiple environmental spheres. Field studies are preferred, while laboratory experiments must demonstrate significant methodological advancements or mechanistic insights with direct relevance to the environment.