Syzygium aromaticum loaded copper oxide nanoparticles ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by diminishing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in Wistar rats

Abstract

Background and aims

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major disorder of prolonged diabetes mellitus (DM) which ends up in chronic renal failure. Here, we report the beneficial effects of copper oxide nanoparticles loaded with Syzygium aromaticum extract (SaCuONpls) on DN in Wistar rats. Syzygium aromaticum is a spice with numerous therapeutic uses. Altered copper concentration in the blood is responsible for various diseases and affects different organs. Moreover minor copper deficiencies can promote the progression of many pathologies including DM.

Methods

Diabetes induced nephropathy was produced by administration of nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Rats with a blood glucose of more than 250 mg/dL were considered hyperglycemic. Diabetic rats were left untreated for 42 days for the development of nephropathy that was characterized by a marked decline in urine creatinine levels and increased levels of microproteinuria. The nephropathic rats were orally treated with SaCuONpls (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and the standard drug, glimepiride (10 mg/kg) for 42 days. At the end of the experiment, the serum parameters, urine parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers were studied and kidneys were removed for histology (H&E, PAS, and MT staining).

Results

Treatment of SaCuONpls significantly improved the serum and urine biochemistry, antioxidant potential by increasing activity of SOD, CAT and GSH and declined the oxidative stress mediated by MDA and NO and the ameliorative effect of proinflammatory mediators (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) was noticed. SaCuONpls mitigated adverse histopathological changes.

Conclusions

The therapeutic potential of SaCuONpls was ascertained by enhanced renal function.