Recent Advances in Solar‐Driven Artificial Photocatalytic Synthesis of Urea

Abstract

Urea (CO(NH2)2), a nitrogen‐rich compound, is widely used as nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture, key component in medicine, and raw material in chemical production. The continuously growing demand for urea has spurred an escalation in production. Considering the impacts of byproducts during urea production, it is urgent to explore cost‐effective and environmentally benign urea synthesis methods. Artificial photosynthesis, which utilizes renewable solar power to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), not only provides a sustainable alternative for urea synthesis but also reduces carbon emissions and fixes nitrogen simultaneously. This review delves into the C−N coupling pathways, key intermediates, and their detection methodologies in photocatalytic urea production. It also discusses the rational design and selection of targeted photocatalysts toward urea synthesis, highlighting their key characteristics that determine the rate‐limiting steps. Furthermore, it systematically examines the challenges in photocatalytic urea synthesis and evaluates viable solutions to overcome these limitations. By identifying current obstacles and proposing potential strategies, this review aims to advance artificial photosynthesis as a sustainable and eco‐friendly approach for urea production. The insights presented herein seek to bridge fundamental research with practical applications, ultimately fostering progress toward energy‐efficient and environmentally benign nitrogen fixation technologies.