Multi-satellite based possible precursory signals detection linked to the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula Japan earthquake

Abstract

Satellite-based anomaly detection can provide substantial precursory information linked to impending earthquakes (EQ). The strong EQs are followed by some complex precursory signals both before and after the main shock. For this, different methods and datasets are employed to monitor these disastrous events. In our study, we used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite to evaluate land surface temperature (LST), the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to observe total electron content (TEC) variations, Swarm satellites to monitor spatial variations in electron density, and Cosmic satellites were used to measure variations in the vertical profile of electron density to look for the complex precursors of Noto Peninsula Japan EQ of 7.5 Mw (occurred on 1st January 2024). Our objective was to observe both the pre- and post-EQ induced anomalies within 25 days and 10 days of the main shock by integrating the statistical, nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) and continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) methods. We found synchronized and co-located pre-seismic anomalies on December 25 in LST, TEC and electron density. Which was further confirmed using NARX and CWT as well. Additionally, we found some potential post-seismic anomalies. There was an anomalous enhancement in daytime LST, TEC, and electron density on January 2nd with the exception of nighttime LST which showed abrupt increments on the night of the main shock (i.e., January 1st). These findings point towards the strong EQ-induced energy into the atmosphere and ionosphere for more prominent proof of lithosphere-atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC).