Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Ricinus Communis Oil over Based Zinc and Aluminum Hydrotalcites Modified with Calcium

IF 3.1 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS
Denis A. Cabrera-Munguia, Dora A. Solís-Casados, Adolfo Romero-Galarza, Aída Gutiérrez-Alejandre, Leopoldo J. Ríos-González, Raquel A. López-Montes
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In this research, a non-edible second-generation raw material, Ricinus communis oil, was used as a source of triglycerides for biodiesel production. The reaction was catalyzed with zinc aluminum hydrotalcite, doped with calcium, varying the Ca/Al molar ratio (X = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05), and with a fixed Zn/Al molar ratio of 2. The ZAC(X) materials were synthesized by coprecipitation and characterized by different physicochemical techniques. The thermal activation at 200 °C generates the dehydration and dehydroxylation processes that lead to the formation of Lewis acid-basic pairs (M–O-) and Brönsted basic sites (-OH), along with the formation of a high amount of grafted metal oxides with carbonate anions and hydrozincite, a well-known active crystalline phase. XPS results showed that the calcium-doped catalysts had a relative percentage of hydrozincite of about 48% compared to 31.5% for the undoped catalyst (ZAC(0.0)). Furthermore, the ZAC(0.03) catalyst had the highest M–O-/M-OH site ratio of 1.5. The latter combination generates that ZAC(0.03) shows the best catalytic performance (96.04% FAME yield), which is very close to the EN 14214 standard, maintaining this performance in biodiesel production during 4 reaction cycles without subsequent thermal treatment. The optimal conditions to perform the transesterification reaction of castor oil are 3% w/w of catalyst ZAC(0.03), a molar ratio oil:MeOH 1:30, 200 °C as reaction temperature, and 2 h as reaction time. The value of the kinetic constant of the ZAC(0.03) was 1.8 × 10−3 L/gcat.min, which is 2.3 times higher than ZAC(0.0) (k = 0.788 × 10−3 L/gcat.min) and between 1.45 and 1.70 times higher than the concerning catalysts with Zr and Ce (reported in previous works). Due to the high viscosity (14.358 mm2/s) and low cetane number (30.7) of the biodiesel produced from Ricinus communis oil, its use in a blend with diesel is suggested. According to the cost analysis, the price to synthesize the catalysts used in this work was around 0.91 $/g.

Graphical Abstract

用钙改性锌铝水滑石制备蓖麻油生物柴油的研究
在这项研究中,一种不可食用的第二代原料蓖麻油被用作生产生物柴油的甘油三酯的来源。以锌铝水滑石、钙掺杂、Ca/Al摩尔比(X = 0.01、0.03和0.05)、Zn/Al摩尔比固定为2为催化剂催化反应。采用共沉淀法合成了ZAC(X)材料,并用不同的物理化学技术对其进行了表征。200°C的热活化产生脱水和去羟基化过程,导致Lewis酸碱对(M-O -)和Brönsted碱位(- oh)的形成,同时形成大量带有碳酸盐阴离子的接枝金属氧化物和氢锌矿,这是一种众所周知的活性晶相。XPS结果表明,掺钙催化剂的氢氧化锌相对含量约为48%,而未掺钙催化剂(ZAC(0.0))的氢氧化锌相对含量为31.5%。此外,ZAC(0.03)催化剂的M-O -/M-OH位点比最高,为1.5。后一种组合使得ZAC(0.03)表现出最好的催化性能(96.04% FAME产率),非常接近EN 14214标准,在不进行后续热处理的情况下,在4个反应循环中保持了这一性能。蓖麻油酯交换反应的最佳条件为:催化剂ZAC用量为3% w/w(0.03),油与甲醇的摩尔比为1:30,反应温度为200℃,反应时间为2 h。ZAC的动力学常数(0.03)为1.8 × 10−3 L/gcat。比ZAC(0.0) (k = 0.788 × 10−3 L/gcat.min)高2.3倍,比Zr、Ce催化剂(前人报道)高1.45 ~ 1.70倍。蓖麻油制备的生物柴油具有高粘度(14.358 mm2/s)和低十六烷值(30.7)的特点,建议与柴油混合使用。根据成本分析,合成本研究所用催化剂的价格约为0.91美元/克。图形抽象
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来源期刊
BioEnergy Research
BioEnergy Research ENERGY & FUELS-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
CiteScore
6.70
自引率
8.30%
发文量
174
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: BioEnergy Research fills a void in the rapidly growing area of feedstock biology research related to biomass, biofuels, and bioenergy. The journal publishes a wide range of articles, including peer-reviewed scientific research, reviews, perspectives and commentary, industry news, and government policy updates. Its coverage brings together a uniquely broad combination of disciplines with a common focus on feedstock biology and science, related to biomass, biofeedstock, and bioenergy production.
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