A Survey: RTE Solutions for Underwater Optical Communications

IF 2.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI:10.1109/LPT.2025.3561888

Yunlong Li;Xiang Yi;Zhuoqi Chen;Peng Yue

{"title":"A Survey: RTE Solutions for Underwater Optical Communications","authors":"Yunlong Li;Xiang Yi;Zhuoqi Chen;Peng Yue","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3561888","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) is essential for solving the spatial distribution of light energy. It plays a crucial role in the link budget analysis of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC). However, due to its complex integro-differential form, obtaining an exact solution is extremely challenging. This letter provides a systematic overview and comparison of key RTE solution strategies in case of UWOC scenario—including the Monte Carlo Method (MCM), Beer-Lambert Method (BLM), Beam Spread Function (BSF), Finite Element Method (FEM), and others—and analyzes how each approach balances accuracy, computational efficiency, and ease of implementation. Results show that MCM, though computationally intensive, to best match the three-dimensional spatial configuration of practical UWOC systems. BLM, while simplest, loses accuracy in turbid conditions. BSF partially corrects for scattering but yields only modest gains over BLM, and FEM struggles at longer ranges due to discretization. These findings help guide method selection for reliable estimation UWOC system power budget.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 12","pages":"675-678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10967556/","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) is essential for solving the spatial distribution of light energy. It plays a crucial role in the link budget analysis of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC). However, due to its complex integro-differential form, obtaining an exact solution is extremely challenging. This letter provides a systematic overview and comparison of key RTE solution strategies in case of UWOC scenario—including the Monte Carlo Method (MCM), Beer-Lambert Method (BLM), Beam Spread Function (BSF), Finite Element Method (FEM), and others—and analyzes how each approach balances accuracy, computational efficiency, and ease of implementation. Results show that MCM, though computationally intensive, to best match the three-dimensional spatial configuration of practical UWOC systems. BLM, while simplest, loses accuracy in turbid conditions. BSF partially corrects for scattering but yields only modest gains over BLM, and FEM struggles at longer ranges due to discretization. These findings help guide method selection for reliable estimation UWOC system power budget.

查看原文本刊更多论文

水下光通信RTE解决方案综述

辐射传递方程（RTE）是求解光能空间分布的基本方程。它在水下无线光通信（UWOC）链路预算分析中起着至关重要的作用。然而，由于其复杂的积分-微分形式，获得精确解是极具挑战性的。这封信提供了UWOC场景下关键RTE解决方案策略的系统概述和比较-包括蒙特卡罗方法（MCM），比尔-朗伯特方法（BLM），波束扩展函数（BSF），有限元方法（FEM）等-并分析了每种方法如何平衡准确性，计算效率和易于实现。结果表明，MCM虽然计算量大，但最能匹配实际UWOC系统的三维空间结构。BLM虽然最简单，但在浑浊条件下会失去准确性。BSF部分校正了散射，但与BLM相比只产生了适度的增益，而FEM由于离散化而在较长的范围内挣扎。这些发现有助于指导可靠估计UWOC系统功率预算的方法选择。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

5.00

自引率

3.80%

发文量

404

审稿时长

2.0 months

期刊介绍： IEEE Photonics Technology Letters addresses all aspects of the IEEE Photonics Society Constitutional Field of Interest with emphasis on photonic/lightwave components and applications, laser physics and systems and laser/electro-optics technology. Examples of subject areas for the above areas of concentration are integrated optic and optoelectronic devices, high-power laser arrays (e.g. diode, CO2), free electron lasers, solid, state lasers, laser materials'' interactions and femtosecond laser techniques. The letters journal publishes engineering, applied physics and physics oriented papers. Emphasis is on rapid publication of timely manuscripts. A goal is to provide a focal point of quality engineering-oriented papers in the electro-optics field not found in other rapid-publication journals.