Understanding policy windows for solar energy lifecycle extension: Policymaker perspectives in developing Asia

Abstract

The rapid expansion of solar photovoltaic systems has elevated end-of-life module disposal into a globally significant environmental and resource governance issue. Despite increasing attention to solar photovoltaic waste, limited empirical research exists on the policy drivers of reuse, particularly in developing contexts. This study investigates policymakers' support for reusing photovoltaic modules through the lens of Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework, which examines how problem recognition, policy feasibility, and political context shape policy decisions. An online survey of 424 energy-sector policymakers across eight developing countries was administered. Responses were analyzed using a two-stage approach combining structural equation modeling and logistic regression. The findings reveal that support for reusing increases when off-grid energy access is prioritized, but declines under strong waste management preferences, suggesting that strict end-of-life regulations may constrain circular economy goals. Climate change urgency and political will did not significantly affect support levels. This study refines the Multiple Streams Framework by illustrating how conflicting policy priorities, such as waste regulations vs. energy access demands, shape reuse endorsement and clarifies how policy windows emerge under practical feasibility constraints. Although limited by its cross-sectional design, the study provides actionable guidance for policymakers: standardized testing protocols, liability frameworks, and cross-ministerial coordination to institutionalize second-life modules. This aligns with global sustainability targets by linking circularity to both local electrification efforts and broader energy transitions.