Self-Powered Mechanoluminescence-Based Mechanical Sensing Glove for Human-Machine Interaction

Abstract

Wearable electronic devices are increasingly vital in modern human-machine interaction (HMI), but existing flexible sensors face challenges like structural complexity, high costs, limited compatibility, and poor scalability. Here, we introduce an optical-mechanical wearable sensor device (OSWD) using synthesized mechanoluminescence (ML) material Ca₁₀Li(PO₄)₇ (CLP) doped with Tb³⁺, Dy³⁺, and Mn²⁺, producing distinct green, yellow, and red emissions. The friction-induced, self-powered ML mechanism was validated and integrated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), demonstrating excellent cyclic ML performance. The composite exhibits high sensitivity (relative sensitivity S_R ≈ 1.13%), exceptional toughness, and wide strain adaptability (0.6–180%). By attaching the OSWD to a finger and coupling it with a TCS34725 RGB color sensor, finger-bending-induced ML signals effectively generate recognizable commands. Compared to traditional sensors, the OSWD significantly reduces manufacturing costs and enhances device portability, promoting broader integration potential. Moreover, its simple, lightweight design enables natural user interaction without restricting hand movements, overcoming limitations common in current wearable devices. In summary, our friction-induced, self-powered ML-based OSWD glove addresses key manufacturing and usability issues, advancing wearable HMI technologies for daily activities.