Development and Initial Validation of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale in Highly Educated Adults.

Abstract

Objectives: To report the development, validation, and findings of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale (MARS), a self-report tool crafted to evaluate six-dimension attention levels.

Methods: The MARS was developed based on Classical Test Theory (CTT) , with initial item selection and content validation conducted by six experts in psychiatry and psychology using the Delphi method. Healthy adult participants were recruited to complete the MARS and related scales, along with on-site measures. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability. Structural validity was explored using principal component analysis. Criterion validity was analyzed by correlating MARS scores with the Toronto Hospital Alertness Test (THAT), the Attentional Control Scale (ACS), and the Attention Networks Test (ANT).

Results: The MARS comprises 12 items spanning six distinct dimensions of attention: focused attention, sustained attention, shifting attention, selective attention, divided attention, and response inhibition. Cronbach's alpha for the MARS was 0.78, with test-retest reliability of 0.81. Four factors were identified (cumulative variance 68.79%). The content validity was evaluated by six experts, yielding an average content validity index (CVI) of 0.95. The MARS was correlated positively with THAT (r = 0.60, P < 0.01) and ACS (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) and negatively with ANT's reaction time (RT) alerting measure (r = -0.31, P = 0.049).

Conclusions: The MARS can reliably and validly assess six-dimension attention levels in real-world settings and is expected to be a new tool for assessing various attention impairments in different mental disorders.