{"title":"Association between Salivary pH and estimated glomerular filtration rate status in a community-dwelling population: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Yukihide Aoyama, Chiyoko Uchiyama, Yasushi Koike, Koichiro Hayashi, Itoyo Tokuda, Hiroyuki Sato, Akihiro Hirakawa, Yukio Yamamoto, Wataru Kobayashi, Kazushige Ihara, Koichi Murashita, Shigeyuki Nakaji","doi":"10.1159/000546401","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition, associated with several complications and high mortality. Early detection and monitoring of CKD is important for prolonging healthy life expectancy. Salivary pH is reported to increase in patients with chronic renal failure; however, the association between salivary pH and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) status, which is usually considered to assess kidney function at clinical settings, has not been adequately studied. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between salivary pH and eGFR through multivariate analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study using the data from a community-based cohort study conducted between 2017 and 2019 in Japan. We aimed to develop a prediction model to determine the eGFR status using salivary pH, instead of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), in combination with self-reported information (age, sex, body mass index, disease history, medication, and lifestyle) in 1,056 subjects (433 men and 623 women) who participated in the study in 2017. We first identified the logistic model including several explanatory variables in addition to BUN (BUN model) and also developed the logistic model that replaced BUN with salivary pH (pH model). We examined the predictive accuracy of the two developed models using the validation data of 298 subjects (116 men and 182 women) who participated in the study in 2019.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BUN and salivary pH were significantly associated with the eGFR status (odds ratio (ORs): 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.32, P < 0.001 for BUN; ORs: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.98, P < 0.001 for salivary pH, respectively). The developed pH model included age, kidney disease history, diabetes history, habitual medication for hypertension, habitual alcohol consumption status, and habitual exercise status in addition to salivary pH. The pH model showed accuracy comparable to that of BUN model in determining the eGFR status (area under the curve for the pH and BUN models was 0.796 and 0.799, respectively; P = 0.933).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study clarified the association between salivary pH and the eGFR status.</p>","PeriodicalId":18998,"journal":{"name":"Nephron","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Nephron","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546401","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition, associated with several complications and high mortality. Early detection and monitoring of CKD is important for prolonging healthy life expectancy. Salivary pH is reported to increase in patients with chronic renal failure; however, the association between salivary pH and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) status, which is usually considered to assess kidney function at clinical settings, has not been adequately studied. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between salivary pH and eGFR through multivariate analysis.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using the data from a community-based cohort study conducted between 2017 and 2019 in Japan. We aimed to develop a prediction model to determine the eGFR status using salivary pH, instead of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), in combination with self-reported information (age, sex, body mass index, disease history, medication, and lifestyle) in 1,056 subjects (433 men and 623 women) who participated in the study in 2017. We first identified the logistic model including several explanatory variables in addition to BUN (BUN model) and also developed the logistic model that replaced BUN with salivary pH (pH model). We examined the predictive accuracy of the two developed models using the validation data of 298 subjects (116 men and 182 women) who participated in the study in 2019.
Results: BUN and salivary pH were significantly associated with the eGFR status (odds ratio (ORs): 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.32, P < 0.001 for BUN; ORs: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.98, P < 0.001 for salivary pH, respectively). The developed pH model included age, kidney disease history, diabetes history, habitual medication for hypertension, habitual alcohol consumption status, and habitual exercise status in addition to salivary pH. The pH model showed accuracy comparable to that of BUN model in determining the eGFR status (area under the curve for the pH and BUN models was 0.796 and 0.799, respectively; P = 0.933).
Conclusion: This study clarified the association between salivary pH and the eGFR status.
期刊介绍：
''Nephron'' comprises three sections, which are each under the editorship of internationally recognized leaders and served by specialized Associate Editors. Apart from high-quality original research, ''Nephron'' publishes invited reviews/minireviews on up-to-date topics. Papers undergo an innovative and transparent peer review process encompassing a Presentation Report which assesses and summarizes the presentation of the paper in an unbiased and standardized way.
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