Experimental determination of mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA. Methodology for testing orthotropic materials

IF 5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108860

Zbigniew Pozorski , Jacek Andrzejewski

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Abstract

The paper presents the problem of determining the material properties of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) structures. Since the material structure is created by connecting the narrow strips of the deposited material, its mechanics becomes complex. The behavior of such a material cannot be described by a simple isotropic model. For this reason, a selected set of laboratory tests necessary to identify the mechanical properties of printed poly(lactic acid) has been carried out. An elastic, orthotropic material model was assumed. The aim of the work was to describe the material accurately, taking into account different deformation conditions, but also, or perhaps even primarily, to verify the measurement methods used. For this purpose, the results of simultaneous measurements were compared using an extensometer, strain gauges, and the Digital Image Correlation technique. The measurement results clearly showed a significant error in the measurement of the modulus of elasticity for tests using a strain gauge. For the tensile tests, the recorded value of 4.2 GPa was significantly higher than the 3.5 GPa measured by the extensometer. A similar shift was observed for the bending mode, 4.0 GPa for the strain gauge measurements, and 3.5 GPa for the extensometer. Interestingly, the results for the Digital Image Correlation measurements were very consistent with the extensometer measurements, confirming the effectiveness of this technique. The tests carried out made it possible to identify reliable measurement methods and the difficulties that may occur during the implementation of some laboratory tests. In particular, the failure mechanisms observed in the shear tests carried out using the Iosipescu method are worthy of note. Finally, a set of material parameters determined for samples printed from poly(lactic acid) was presented. The obtained results can be used to design structures printed from poly(lactic acid).

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3D打印PLA力学性能的实验测定。正交各向异性材料试验方法

本文介绍了3D打印聚乳酸结构材料性能的确定问题。由于材料结构是通过连接沉积材料的窄条而形成的，因此其力学变得复杂。这种材料的行为不能用一个简单的各向同性模型来描述。为此，进行了一套选定的实验室测试，以确定印刷聚乳酸的机械性能。假设弹性正交各向异性材料模型。这项工作的目的是准确地描述材料，考虑到不同的变形条件，而且，或者甚至可能主要是验证所使用的测量方法。为此目的，同时测量的结果进行比较，使用延伸计，应变计，和数字图像相关技术。测量结果清楚地表明，在使用应变片测量弹性模量时存在显著误差。在拉伸试验中，记录的4.2 GPa明显高于伸测仪测量的3.5 GPa。在弯曲模式中也观察到类似的变化，应变计测量值为4.0 GPa，延伸计测量值为3.5 GPa。有趣的是，数字图像相关测量结果与延伸计测量结果非常一致，证实了该技术的有效性。所进行的测试使人们能够确定可靠的测量方法和在执行某些实验室测试期间可能出现的困难。特别是，用Iosipescu方法进行的剪切试验中观察到的破坏机制值得注意。最后，提出了一套用于聚乳酸打印样品的材料参数。所得结果可用于聚乳酸打印结构的设计。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Polymer Testing 工程技术-材料科学：表征与测试

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

5.90%

发文量

328

审稿时长

44 days

期刊介绍： Polymer Testing focuses on the testing, analysis and characterization of polymer materials, including both synthetic and natural or biobased polymers. Novel testing methods and the testing of novel polymeric materials in bulk, solution and dispersion is covered. In addition, we welcome the submission of the testing of polymeric materials for a wide range of applications and industrial products as well as nanoscale characterization. The scope includes but is not limited to the following main topics: Novel testing methods and Chemical analysis • mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, imaging, spectroscopy, scattering and rheology Physical properties and behaviour of novel polymer systems • nanoscale properties, morphology, transport properties Degradation and recycling of polymeric materials when combined with novel testing or characterization methods • degradation, biodegradation, ageing and fire retardancy Modelling and Simulation work will be only considered when it is linked to new or previously published experimental results.