Sustainable benzoxazine materials from renewable sources: Synthesis, corrosion resistance, dielectric and superhydrophobic studies

Abstract

The study explores predominantly bio-based benzoxazines, in order replace conventional/petroleum based benzoxazines. In this aspect, developing bio-based benzoxazines using furfural bis-thymol (FBT) and renewable amine derivatives, including 1-aminododecane (ad), 1-aminooctadecane (ao), 1-amino-9-octadecene (ae), 2-aminomethylfuran (af) and dehydroabietylamine (da). These plant-derived precursors provide an eco-friendly approach to developing advanced benzoxazine materials. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized benzoxazines was performed using FTIR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR techniques. Curing studies were assessed using DSC, notably, FBT-ae exhibit the dual curing nature with temperature of 210 °C and 243 °C. Among the cured samples, poly(FBT-af) resulted highest char yield of 50 % due to the additional cross-linking nature of furan ring. The superhydrophobic nature was achieved by coating FBT-ao containing benzoxazine on cotton fabric which showed the WCA value of 156°. All the polybenzoxazines possesses enhanced corrosion resistant behavior which was supported by the DFT results. Moreover, the samples resulted better antimicrobial nature against S.aureus and E.coli. Further, low dielectric constant value of 3.39 with minimum dielectric loss has been noticed. The obtained results demonstrates the potential of bio-based benzoxazines as a sustainable and high-performance alternative for diverse industrial and engineering applications, contributing to the growing global demand for greener material solutions.