Effects of different movement velocities during resistance training on bone mineral density in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effects of different movement velocities during progressive resistance training (PRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults, with an emphasis on program design and training principles.

Methods

Seven databases were comprehensively searched to identify studies investigating the effect of PRT at different movement velocities on BMD. The primary outcome was BMD at fracture-relevant sites measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Meta-analysis of within-group changes was conducted using a random-effects model.

Results

Of 1830 screened records, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. No statistical comparison was possible regarding movement velocity. However, the findings suggest benefits of incorporating high-velocity movements. The analysis revealed that moderate-velocity programs frequently failed to prevent bone loss. In terms of program design, significant benefits of variation in PRT programs were observed. Moreover, the interventions demonstrated substantial interindividual variability in efficacy.

Conclusion

High-velocity PRT effectively enhanced BMD when overarching training principles were met. Nevertheless, further research is required to confirm the superior efficacy of high-velocity training. Moreover, individualization is essential since responses to programs vary, prompting questions about underlying differences. Considering that osteoporosis involves defective mechanotransduction, factors beyond established confounders may influence the intervention's efficacy.