Nanotechnology in photodynamic therapy: A targeted approach for the treatment of topical fungal infections

Abstract

Cutaneous fungal infections are among the most prevalent clinical conditions in humans, with candidiasis, caused by Candida species, being the most common. The rise in antimicrobial resistance and the significant adverse effects associated with conventional therapies highlight the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. One promising approach is photodynamic therapy, which employs light-sensitive agents and a specific irradiation source to target and eliminate fungal infections in a localized manner. However, solubility challenges hinder the development of effective formulations. To address this, light-sensitive agents can be incorporated into nano-sized delivery systems. This article aims to evaluate the potential benefits of this combination and its impact on enhancing antifungal efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models. Experimental studies were selected from three databases, focusing exclusively on preclinical research. The findings indicate that nanoparticles were the most studied nanosystem, and the phthalocyanine class of photosensitizers demonstrated significant efficacy against Candida albicans. Further investment is essential to advance clinical studies and facilitate the eventual integration of these therapies into clinical practice and the pharmaceutical market.