Inflammatory Oculocutaneous Disease: Review, Update, and Practical Approach

Abstract

Background

Periocular skin is notably thinner than other areas of the body, making it more susceptible to environmental factors and topical medications. Conditions affecting this region often require specialized care due to their impact on quality of life and potential to impair vision.

Aim

This review aims to address the unique characteristics, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies for oculocutaneous inflammatory conditions, offering guidance for dermatologists in managing this specialized area of skin.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on PubMed reviewing the most relevant periocular inflammatory conditions, including glandular and eyelid inflammation, conjunctival and corneal disorders, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, autoimmune diseases, and infections. Key diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are highlighted to assist in effective patient management.

Results

Inflammatory oculocutaneous diseases stem from various causes, including eczematous dermatoses, infections, autoimmune conditions, meibomian gland dysfunction. Treatments range from traditional options like warm compresses, antibiotics, and corticosteroids to newer approaches such as biologic therapies and intense pulsed light. These conditions are often associated with allergies, side effects of biologic drugs, and systemic diseases like atopic dermatitis, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and proper eyelid hygiene for effective management.

Conclusions

Effective management of periocular inflammatory conditions can be challenging due to the unique anatomy of the area and often requires a targeted and specialized approach to treatment. Dermatologists are essential in diagnosing and managing oculocutaneous diseases. Collaboration with optometrists and ophthalmologists is often needed to ensure the best outcomes, as these conditions greatly affect patients’ quality of life and cosmetic appearance.