Genomic context analysis enables the discovery of an unusual NAD-dependent racemase in phosphonate catabolism.

Abstract

Phosphonates are organic molecules containing a direct carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond. They are chemically sturdy compounds that can, however, be degraded by environmental microorganisms. In the frame of bacterial phosphonate catabolism, we recently reported the discovery of (R)-1-hydroxy-2-aminoethylphosphonate ammonia-lyase (PbfA), a lyase acting on the natural compound (R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate (R-HAEP). PbfA converts R-HAEP into phosphonoacetaldehyde (PAA), which can be subsequently processed and cleaved by further enzymes. However, PbfA is not active toward S-HAEP (the enantiomer of R-HAEP), whose metabolic fate remained unknown. We now describe the identification of a racemase, discovered through genomic context analysis, which converts S-HAEP into R-HAEP, thereby enabling degradation of S-HAEP. We propose for this enzyme the official name 2-amino-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate racemase (shorthand PbfF). To our knowledge, PbfF is the first NAD-dependent racemase ever described and is structurally unrelated to other known NAD-dependent isomerases. The enzyme uses NAD⁺ as a cofactor, is inhibited by NADH, and shows catalytic parameters comparable to those of other racemases acting on similar substrates. The presence of a pathway for the breakdown of S-HAEP in numerous bacteria suggests that this compound may be more common in the environment than currently appreciated. Notably, the route for S-HAEP degradation appears to have developed through a mechanism of retrograde metabolic evolution.