Sustainable carbon dots from starch: Synthesis, properties, and emerging applications

Andrés C. Giraldo-Contreras , J. Alejandro Arboleda-Murillo , Cristian C. Villa
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Abstract

Starch-based carbon dots (SCDs) have emerged as a versatile class of nanomaterials, combining the renewable and biodegradable nature of starch with the unique photoluminescent properties of carbon dots (CDs). This mini review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis, structural understanding, optical behavior, and emerging applications of SCDs and their composite materials. Various synthesis methods—including hydrothermal treatment, microwave-assisted methods, and solvent-free pyrolysis—are discussed, emphasizing how processing conditions, precursor types, and dopants influence the physicochemical and photoluminescent properties of the resulting nanostructures. The multilevel structure of starch, including its granular morphology, amylose-amylopectin architecture, and semi-crystalline nature, is analyzed for its impact on SCD formation. Photoluminescence in these materials is attributed to core-state emission and surface defect states, often enhanced by heteroatom doping with nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. Applications of SCDs are explored, including biosensing, ion detection, food packaging, bioimaging, and environmental remediation. Special attention is given to starch-CD composite systems such as films, hydrogels, and aerogels, which demonstrate improved mechanical performance, antioxidant activity, and smart functionalities. Finally, current limitations and future research directions are discussed, including strategies to enhance quantum yield, scalability, and targeted functionality, making SCDs a promising platform for sustainable nanotechnology.
淀粉可持续碳点:合成、性质和新兴应用
淀粉基碳点(SCDs)是一种多用途的纳米材料,它将淀粉的可再生和可生物降解特性与碳点(cd)独特的光致发光特性结合在一起。本文对scd及其复合材料的合成、结构、光学行为和新兴应用等方面的最新进展进行了综述。讨论了各种合成方法,包括水热法、微波辅助法和无溶剂热解法,强调了加工条件、前驱体类型和掺杂剂对所得纳米结构的物理化学和光致发光性能的影响。淀粉的多层结构,包括其颗粒形态、直链淀粉-支链淀粉结构和半结晶性质,分析了其对SCD形成的影响。这些材料的光致发光归因于核态发射和表面缺陷状态,通常通过杂原子掺杂氮、磷或硫来增强。探讨了SCDs在生物传感、离子检测、食品包装、生物成像和环境修复等方面的应用。特别关注淀粉- cd复合体系,如薄膜、水凝胶和气凝胶,它们表现出更好的机械性能、抗氧化活性和智能功能。最后,讨论了当前的限制和未来的研究方向,包括提高量子产率、可扩展性和目标功能的策略,使SCDs成为一个有前途的可持续纳米技术平台。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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