Plastic Waste in Marine Ecosystems: Identification Techniques and Policy Interventions

Abstract

The presence of plastics in the environment, particularly within marine ecosystems, has emerged as a significant concern due to their persistence and potentially harmful effects on human health, wildlife, and ecological systems. Although several studies have explored plastic pollution, its identification methods, and policies aimed at prevention, there remains a notable gap in research specifically focused on the marine environment. This review analyzes approximately 120 Scopus research papers, providing an overview of marine plastic pollution, specifically focusing on identification methods and associated policy measures. The findings reveal that major packaging materials, polyethylene, and polypropylene, are often found in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, contributing to understanding marine pollution dynamics. It is estimated that around 353.29 million tonnes of plastic waste are generated annually, with 79.33 million tonnes being mismanaged or entering waterbodies. The paper also highlights significant spatiotemporal variations in the prevalence of plastic polymers and their products, influenced by factors such as physical properties (density, surface area, and size), tidal patterns, and geographic distribution of river mouths. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are the most reliable and sensitive ground-based identification methods, providing high spatial resolution. Conversely, machine learning and deep learning-based intelligent recognition systems offer advanced remote sensing for automated identification of plastics from remote locations. Implementing policies aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals on marine plastic waste and promoting a circular lifecycle for plastics is essential for addressing this critical environmental issue. This review integrates scientific findings with policy initiatives, which enhance legislative procedures and international cooperation and safeguard marine ecosystems.