Cost-Effective Removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from Wastewater Using Walnut Shell-Immobilized Amberlite XAD-4 as a Sorbent

IF 3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-08129-1

İbrahim Teğin, Selma Akdeniz, Gurbet Canpolat, Orhan Acar

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Abstract

In this study, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solid-phase extraction (SPE) method using walnut shell-immobilised on Amberlite XAD-4 (WNS-XAD-4) was developed to pre-concentrate and determine Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions in water samples prior to flame atomic absorption analysis (FAAS). The low-cost adsorbent, prepared by immobilizing waste walnut shells on Amberlite XAD-4 (WNS-XAD-4), was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Under optimal conditions, the method achieved recoveries of 95.7% for Cu(II) and 100% for Cd(II) using 5.0 mL of 1.5 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃ as eluent. The detection limits were found as 0.582 μg L⁻¹ for Cu(II) and 0.03 μg L⁻¹ for Cd(II) with preconcentration factors of 10 and 40, respectively. The accuracy of the method was validated using the certified aquatic plant reference material BCR-670 and successfully applied to various real water samples, including those from Lake Van, Billoris Spa, tap water, salt water and wastewater from Siirt, Turkey.

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核桃壳固定化Amberlite XAD-4吸附去除废水中的Cu（II）和Cd(II

在本研究中，采用Amberlite XAD-4 （WNS-XAD-4）固定核桃壳，建立了一种经济环保的固相萃取（SPE）方法，用于火焰原子吸收分析（FAAS）前的水样中Cu（II）和Cd（II）离子的预浓缩和测定。将废核桃壳固定在Amberlite XAD-4 （WNS-XAD-4）上制备的低成本吸附剂，采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、热重分析（TGA）和brunauer - emmet - teller （BET）分析对其进行了表征。在最佳条件下，以5.0 mL 1.5 mol L−1 HNO3为洗脱液，Cu（II）的回收率为95.7%,Cd（II）的回收率为100%。Cu（II）和Cd（II）的检出限分别为0.582 μg L−1和0.03 μg L−1，预富集系数分别为10和40。采用经认证的水生植物标准物质BCR-670验证了该方法的准确性，并成功应用于各种实际水样，包括来自Lake Van、Billoris Spa、自来水、盐水和来自土耳其Siirt的废水。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.