State-of-the-art evolution of biochar in alkali metal ion (Li, Na, K) batteries’ applications

IF 5.5 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI:10.1007/s42823-025-00904-8

Liuliu Liu, Keqi Chen, Keyu Zhang, Xinyu Jiang, Rui Yan, Shaoze Zhang, Yin Li, Junxian Hu, Bin Yang, Yaochun Yao

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Abstract

Biochar is considered as key anode material for alkali metal (lithium, sodium, and potassium) ion batteries (AIBs) owing to its rich microstructural features, high specific surface area, active sites, excellent conductivity, and mechanical strength. The multidimensional structures and diverse functional groups of biochar make it enable easy modification to improve ion transport, interface deposition behavior, and electrolyte stability. In addition, biochar-based derivatives, such as silicon/biochar composite anode materials, combine the advantages of high-energy density and low lithiation potential of silicon materials, as well as the superior conductive ability and outstanding mechanical qualities of biochar. In this review, the microstructure, properties, and synthesis methods of biochar materials are systematically clarified, and then, their applications in AIBs are presented followed by summarizing the energy storage mechanism and advanced physicochemical characterizations. Common structural configurations and preparative technique for biochar/silicon-based composites are summarized, such as core–shell, yolk–shell, and embedded coating structures with improved electrochemical and mechanical stability. Finally, toward practical application of biochar and biochar-based derivatives in future AIBs, the issues and challenges are outlined.

Graphical abstract

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生物炭在碱金属离子（Li, Na， K）电池中的应用进展

生物炭因其丰富的微观结构特征、高比表面积、活性位点、优异的导电性和机械强度，被认为是碱金属（锂、钠、钾）离子电池（aib）的关键负极材料。生物炭的多维结构和多样的官能团使其易于修饰，从而改善离子传输、界面沉积行为和电解质稳定性。此外，生物炭衍生物，如硅/生物炭复合负极材料，结合了硅材料的高能量密度和低锂化电位的优点，以及生物炭优越的导电能力和突出的机械品质。本文系统地介绍了生物炭材料的结构、性能和合成方法，介绍了生物炭在AIBs中的应用，并对其储能机理和先进的物理化学表征进行了综述。综述了生物炭/硅基复合材料的常见结构形式和制备技术，如核壳结构、蛋黄壳结构和包埋结构等，均具有较好的电化学和机械稳定性。最后，针对未来生物炭及其衍生物在AIBs中的实际应用，提出了存在的问题和面临的挑战。图形抽象

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Carbon Letters CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

7.30

自引率

20.00%

发文量

118

期刊介绍： Carbon Letters aims to be a comprehensive journal with complete coverage of carbon materials and carbon-rich molecules. These materials range from, but are not limited to, diamond and graphite through chars, semicokes, mesophase substances, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, carbon blacks, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass-like carbons, etc. Papers on the secondary production of new carbon and composite materials from the above mentioned various carbons are within the scope of the journal. Papers on organic substances, including coals, will be considered only if the research has close relation to the resulting carbon materials. Carbon Letters also seeks to keep abreast of new developments in their specialist fields and to unite in finding alternative energy solutions to current issues such as the greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer. The renewable energy basics, energy storage and conversion, solar energy, wind energy, water energy, nuclear energy, biomass energy, hydrogen production technology, and other clean energy technologies are also within the scope of the journal. Carbon Letters invites original reports of fundamental research in all branches of the theory and practice of carbon science and technology.