The acute effects of simulated hypoxic training at different altitudes on oxidative stress and muscle damage in elite long-distance runners.

IF 2.3 3区 生物学 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES
PeerJ Pub Date : 2025-05-12 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI:10.7717/peerj.19338
Mücahit Sarikaya, Beyza Öğe, Nuri Mert Embiyaoğlu, Muzaffer Selçuk, Vedat Çınar, Salih Öner, Yıldırım Gökhan Gencer, Mehdi Aslan, Mustafa Sencer Ulema, Yunus Emre Yarayan, Kadir Keskin, Nouf H Alkhamees, Bodor Bin Sheeha, Gerasimos V Grivas, Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna, Alexios Batrakoulis
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Understanding the impact of altitude on muscle damage and oxidative stress is essential for optimizing training and recovery strategies for athletes exposed to high-altitude conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of acute exercise at different altitudes on oxidative stress and muscle damage.

Methods: A total of twelve elite long-distance runners (mean age: 20.3 ± 1.5 years) from different branches participated in the study. The exercise protocol was the Bruce submaximal treadmill exercise test, which was conducted under three simulated hypoxic conditions (at 1,700 m, 2,450 m, and 3,200 m) and one normoxic condition (sea level). All measurements took place at the same time of the day. After the exercise protocol, 5 ml venous blood samples were taken from the participants, while heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored at the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th minutes during the exercise.

Results: Significant altitude-dependent variations were observed in oxidative stress markers, with total oxidant status (TOS) (p = 0.017) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.001) levels increasing at higher altitudes, while total antioxidant status (TAS) (p < 0.001) exhibited an elevation and oxidative stress index (OSI) (p < 0.001) demonstrated a decline as altitude increased. However, no significant difference was found in creatine kinase (CK, p = 0.059) levels. Additionally, there were significant differences in the oxygen saturation measurement taken at the 3rd (p < 0.001), 6th (p < 0.001), 9th (p < 0.001), and 12th (p < 0.001), minutes following the exercise session. There was no difference in the pulse measurement taken at the 3rd and 12th minutes, but a difference was observed at the 6th and 9th minutes post-exercise (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: In conclusion, the study determined that endurance exercises performed under simulated normobaric hypoxia at different altitudes increased TAS and reduced OSI in elite long-distance runners. The increase in TAS and the reduction in OSI were more pronounced at higher altitudes, particularly at 2,450 m and 3,200 m, compared to sea level. These findings highlight the need for altitude-specific training and recovery strategies to minimize oxidative stress and muscle damage in athletes.

不同海拔模拟缺氧训练对优秀长跑运动员氧化应激和肌肉损伤的急性影响。
背景:了解海拔对肌肉损伤和氧化应激的影响对于优化运动员在高海拔条件下的训练和恢复策略至关重要。因此,本研究旨在探讨不同海拔急性运动对氧化应激和肌肉损伤的影响。方法:选取12名优秀长跑运动员(平均年龄:20.3±1.5岁)参加研究。运动方案为Bruce亚极限跑步机运动试验,在三种模拟缺氧条件(1,700米,2,450米和3,200米)和一种常氧条件(海平面)下进行。所有的测量都在一天的同一时间进行。运动方案结束后,取5 ml静脉血,并于运动第3、6、9、12分钟监测心率和血氧饱和度。结果:氧化应激标志物,总氧化状态(TOS) (p = 0.017)和丙二醛(MDA) (p p p = 0.059)水平存在显著的海拔依赖性变化。此外,在第3次(p p p p p p)的血氧饱和度测量也存在显著差异。结论:本研究确定,在不同海拔的模拟常压缺氧条件下进行耐力训练,可以提高优秀长跑运动员的TAS,降低OSI。与海平面相比,TAS的增加和OSI的减少在海拔较高的地方更为明显,特别是在海拔2,450米和3,200米的地方。这些发现强调需要针对特定海拔的训练和恢复策略,以尽量减少运动员的氧化应激和肌肉损伤。
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来源期刊
PeerJ
PeerJ MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES-
CiteScore
4.70
自引率
3.70%
发文量
1665
审稿时长
10 weeks
期刊介绍: PeerJ is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in the biological and medical sciences. At PeerJ, authors take out a lifetime publication plan (for as little as $99) which allows them to publish articles in the journal for free, forever. PeerJ has 5 Nobel Prize Winners on the Board; they have won several industry and media awards; and they are widely recognized as being one of the most interesting recent developments in academic publishing.
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