Sacubitril/Valsartan attenuates progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy through immunomodulation properties: an opportunity to prevent progressive disease.

Abstract

Background and aims: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) is recognised as a key mediator and determinant of heart failure (HF), particularly HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Improved understanding of mechanisms underlying transition from early-stage DbCM to HFpEF will inform innovative evidence-based treatment approaches, which are urgently required to alleviate increasing disease burden. This study aimed to determine whether inhibition of neprilysin activity by Sacubitril/Valsartan in both experimental and clinical DbCM attenuates adverse remodelling through promotion of cardioprotective signalling.

Methods and results: Sacubitril/Valsartan effectively reduced plasma neprilysin activity in both diabetic patients with pre-clinical HFpEF from the PARABLE trial (baseline (Val n = 25; Sac/Val n = 35) and 3 months after treatment (Val n = 21/25; Sac/Val n = 33/35)) and DbCM (high-fat diet and streptozotocin) mice. Plasma neprilysin activity at baseline was correlated with worsening cardiac performance at 18 months indicated by left atrial stiffness index in patients (n = 44/60), whilst diastolic dysfunction and pathological remodelling in DbCM mice were improved by Sacubitril/Valsartan, but not Valsartan. snRNA-sequencing showed that progressive experimental DbCM is characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation, reflected by increased infiltration of pro-inflammatory monocytes (Ccr2⁺ Ly6c^hi) and reduction in MHC-II macrophages, which was prevented by Sacubitril/Valsartan. Informatics analysis implicated IRF7 as a central mediator of Sacubitril/Valsartan-induced immunomodulation in DbCM, whilst treatment of M2-like pro-repair macrophages with the neprilysin inhibitor, LBQ657 and Valsartan suppressed glucose-induced IRF7 expression and paracrine activation of cardiac fibroblast differentiation in vitro.

Conclusion: Immune cells are significantly involved in DbCM progression, impacting myocardial homeostasis and HF progression. Neprilysin inhibition by Sacubitril/Valsartan improved adverse cardiac remodelling in experimental DbCM through direct regulation of inflammation, highlighting immunomodulation as a novel mechanism underlying established its cardioprotective actions.