Beeswax Nanoemulsion for Consolidation and Hydrophobization of Canvases.

Abstract

In this study, we present a novel dispersion system for consolidation and hydrophobization of degraded canvases. The dispersions were formulated by combining cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and hydrophobically modified ethylhydroxyethylcellulose with beeswax nanoemulsions. The beeswax nanoemulsion was prepared using the Ouzo effect, a low-energy, surfactant-free, and spontaneous emulsification method. EHM serves as an anchor for CNC and beeswax nanoparticles on the canvas, forming a continuous film and preventing aggregation during the treatment process. Tensile tests and contact angle measurements demonstrated that the dispersions effectively strengthen the canvas and enhance its water resistance, addressing the moisture-induced mechanical limitations observed with previous nanocellulose and polyelectrolyte consolidants. Additionally, the hydrophobicity of the beeswax-CNC/EHM system can be adjusted by varying the beeswax content. Overall, the use of entirely green components and the straightforward preparation process make this dispersion system highly adaptable for consolidation in cultural heritage conservation, particularly in scenarios where a hydrophobic surface is required.