Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Algeria (2011–2020): One Health Insights for Targeted Interventions

Abstract

Purpose

The epidemiology of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies, varies across regions, particularly affecting tropical and subtropical areas, with significant seasonal and demographic fluctuations. This study explores the temporal, seasonal, demographic, and spatial distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the wilaya of Medea, Algeria, from 2011 to 2020.

Methods

The epidemiological data for this retrospective study were provided by the Prevention Service of the Directorate of Public Health (DSP) in Medea.

Results

In 2011, 248 cases were reported (28.62/10⁵ inhabitants). A significant decline occurred in 2012, with 123 cases (13.92/10⁵, p < 0.05), reaching a minimum of 61 cases in 2015 (6.50/10⁵, p < 0.01). Cases fluctuated moderately from 2016 to 2019 (p < 0.05), but 2020 saw a sharp rise to 515 cases (49.74/10⁵, p < 0.001), indicating a major epidemiological shift. Seasonal analysis revealed significant variations (p < 0.001), with winter months showing the highest incidence, particularly December (433 cases) and January (269 cases). In contrast, summer months (June: 47 cases, July: 38 cases, August: 30 cases) had the lowest numbers. Demographically, children aged under 10 years old were most affected (721 cases, p < 0.001). Men (875 cases) were more affected than women (657 cases, p < 0.05). Geographically, southern municipalities had the highest incidence (up to 31%, p < 0.001), while northern and eastern regions showed much lower rates. Some areas, like Chabounia, saw a dramatic increase in 2020 (80%, p < 0.001), while Chellalat El-Adhaoura showed a steady decline.

Conclusion

CL in the Medea region shows significant variations over time, seasons, and geography, mainly affecting children, men, and southern areas. These findings highlight the need for stronger surveillance, targeted actions for vulnerable groups, and increased preventive measures, especially in winter, to better control the epidemic through a One Health approach.